015), higher pain during the muscular palpation of the face (P < 0.001) and neck (P = 0.002) and more masticatory complaints

(P = 0.002). Pain itself has probably interfered with the mandibular activities, and these findings also support the high frequency of TMD in this sample. Amongst risk factors for TMD, bruxism was commonly observed, but the groups did not statistically differ. Bruxing or clenching the teeth causes an overload on the masticatory muscles and can precipitate TMD. 38 Limitations of this study are the design, which does not allow Bleomycin concentration the investigation of cause–effect associations, and a higher frequency of women in the study group. Chronic pain is more frequent in the female gender,24 and it might have interfered with the results AZD6738 observed. Doses of antidepressants

and anti-hypertensive drugs, which were not investigated, may also have underlain, at least in part, the results as to lower salivary flow in the study group. In conclusion, orofacial pain patients need to be evaluated in regard to their salivary function. They had lower salivary flow and more xerostomia complaints than the controls, which can cause discomfort and effectively contribute to pain. This study was supported by FAPESP (Foundation of Research of the State of Sao Paulo, 2009/00350-6). None declared. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Clinicas, Medical School, University of Sao learn more Paulo, Brazil (0901/2008). We would like to acknowledge Raphael Sa, Rodrigo Primiceri da Silva and Maira Caracas for their participation in the study. This study was supported by FAPESP (Foundation of Research of the State of Sao Paulo, 2009/00350-6). “
“The growing obesity epidemic affects millions of people in the modern world and has become a risk factor for the development of many chronic-degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type II. Several scientific

studies have suggested that obesity contributes effectively to the severity of periodontal disease.1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease caused predominantly by bacteria that release endotoxins activating pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α, amongst others) that affect the supporting tissues of teeth and induce the loss of alveolar bone, cementum and periodontal ligament.6 and 7 The increase in body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) are associated with the development of periodontitis.4 Epidemiological data have shown that obese and insulin resistant patients show high plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers. The adipose tissue secretes large quantities of TNF-α and IL-66 and the concentration of these cytokines is proportional to the BMI. The increase in plasma concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines might explain the relationship between obesity and periodontal disease.