, 2012). In total, the data demonstrate that Dcm influences sugE expression, and the main effect is at stationary phase. This repressive effect of Dcm on gene expression is similar to the repressive effect observed by selleck chemicals our laboratory and Kahramanoglou et al. on ribosomal protein genes at stationary phase and suggests that DNA methylation is normally repressive and has an important role during stationary phase (Kahramanoglou et al., 2012; Militello et al., 2012). The only known

activity of Dcm is methylation of 5′CCWGG3′ sites in DNA. However, some DNA methyltransferases can influence gene expression in a DNA methylation-independent manner. For example, a mutant EcoRII methyltransferase that is not able to methylate DNA can still repress transcription of its own gene (Som & Friedman, 1994). Also, the human DNMT2 enzyme, which has weak DNA methyltransferase activity (Hermann et al., 2003), is able to methylate tRNAAsp and a limited set of other tRNAs (Schaefer et al., 2010). To find more directly test the model that Dcm-mediated DNA methylation represses sugE expression, wild-type cells were grown in the absence and presence of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine to both early logarithmic phase and early stationary phase, and sugE RNA levels were quantified by qPCR (Table 2B). We

observed c. 3–4 × more sugE RNA in the 5-azacytidine treated cells at both early logarithmic and early stationary phase (P < 0.05). Although it was not surprising to observe up-regulation of sugE in the presence of 5-azacytidine Beta adrenergic receptor kinase at stationary phase based on the qPCR data given above, we were surprised to see an effect at early logarithmic phase, and the magnitude of the effect was similar to that at early stationary phase. This may be due to

the fact that there is indeed a small repressive effect of DNA methylation on sugE expression at early logarithmic phase, and/or stationary phase cells that are not rapidly dividing are not as likely to incorporate as much 5-azacytidine into DNA. In addition, 5-azacytidine is known to be toxic to E. coli in killing assays (Bhagwat & Roberts, 1987; Betham et al., 2010). In our experiments, there are lower A600 nm readings only after c. 2.5 h of growth (Fig. S2), which is after the point in which the early logarithmic phase RNA was isolated. As a whole, the 5-azacytidine data are consistent with the dcm knockout data which suggest Dcm-mediated DNA methylation represses sugE expression. Yet, we cannot rule out that sugE expression is also increased by cell stress, changes in growth rate, and/or Dcm has both DNA methylation dependent and independent functions. Next, we were interested in determining how Dcm influences sugE expression. Although we were originally intrigued by the presence of 5′CCWGG3′ sites in the sugE promoter and gene body, Kahramanoglou et al.

These differences were not due to variability of responses in the two areas; similar Fano factor values were observed in the two areas and similar modulation by task epochs and errors. Visual attention can be oriented to stimuli based either on their physical distinctiveness (bottom-up selection), based on salience or their behavioral relevance (top-down selection) based on prior information, expectations and goals. Selective neural

representation of visual stimuli based on their bottom-up saliency, in the form of enhanced responses to stimuli that pop out and reduction of responses to background elements, is observed among multiple visual cortical areas including early stages of cortical hierarchy such as V1 and the later stages such as LIP and FEF (Knierim & van Essen, 1992; Schall & Hanes, 1993; Gottlieb et al., 1998). In order to identify the most salient Depsipeptide stimulus in the visual field and guide bottom-up attention efficiently, it is critical to be able to integrate all types of information in the visual field as fast as possible into a map of global saliency (Koch & Ullman, 1985;

Niebur & Koch, 1996). Combining both bottom-up and top-down factors, a global priority map in the brain is thought to play a role in integrating separate streams of visual information and orienting attention (Serences & Yantis, 2006; Bisley & Goldberg, 2010). So far, several different brain areas such PD0332991 chemical structure as LIP and 7a of the PPC (Gottlieb et al., 1998; Constantinidis & Steinmetz, 2001), FEF and areas 8 and 46 of the prefrontal cortex (Schall & Hanes, 1993; Katsuki & Constantinidis, 2012a), and the superior colliculus (McPeek & Keller, 2002) are thought

to represent saliency/priority maps. Anatomically, these areas are interconnected (Segraves & Goldberg, 1987; Cavada & Goldman-Rakic, 1989b; Felleman & Van Essen, 1991; Schall et al., 1995; Stanton et al., 1995; Pare & Wurtz, 1997) and receive projections from many visual cortical areas (Cavada & Goldman-Rakic, 1989a; Morel & Bullier, 1990; Schall et al., 1995; GBA3 Lock et al., 2003). Comparisons of neuronal responses between areas indicate that a pop-out visual stimulus in the receptive field is discriminated from the background stimuli in the neuronal activity of the frontal areas (FEF, area 46) and posterior parietal areas (LIP) at similar timing (Thompson et al., 1996; Thomas & Pare, 2007; Katsuki & Constantinidis, 2012a). Thus, representation of visual salience in these areas could be processed in parallel and may contribute to attention deployment and following behavioral responses differently. A number of studies have suggested that activity of neurons in PFC, PPC and the superior colliculus influences behavioral choice, through accumulation of sensory evidence over time (Burman & Bruce, 1997; Schall & Thompson, 1999; Carello & Krauzlis, 2004; Hanks et al., 2006; Purcell et al., 2010).

“
“Prevention and correction of oxidative DNA lesions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is ensured by the DNA oxidative repair system (GO). Single inactivation of mutT, mutY and mutM involved in GO led to elevated mutation rates (MRs) that correlated to increased development of resistance to antibiotics. In this study, we constructed a double mutant in mutY and mutM (PAOMY-Mgm) and characterized the phenotype and the gene expression profile using microarray and RT-PCR. PAOMY-Mgm presented 28-fold increases in MR compared with wild-type reference strain PAO1. In comparison, the PAOMYgm (mutY) single mutant showed only a fivefold increase, whereas the single mutant PAOMMgm (mutM)

showed a nonsignificant increase in MR compared with PAO1 and the single mutants. Mutations in the regulator nfxB leading to hyperexpression of MexCD-OprJ efflux pump were found as the mechanism of resistance to ciprofloxacin in the double mutant. A better fitness of the mutator compared Bleomycin datasheet with PAO1 was found in growth competition experiments in the presence of ciprofloxacin at concentrations just below minimal inhibitory concentration. Up-regulation of the antimutator gene pfpI, that has

been shown to provide protection to oxidative stress, was found in PAOMY-Mgm compared with PAO1. In conclusion, we showed that MutY and MutM are cooperating in the GO of P. aeruginosa, and that oxidative DNA lesions might represent an oxidative stress for the bacteria. The chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by the biofilm mode OSI-906 mw of growth and a chronic inflammation dominated by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) (Koch & Hoiby, 1993; Bjarnsholt et al., 2009). Pseudomonas aeruginosa are exposed to many reactive oxygen species (ROS), both generated by its

own metabolism and especially from a large number of PMNs which release ROS in response to the chronic CF-lung infection (Brown & Kelly, 1994; Suntres et al., 2002; Kolpen et al., 2010). In addition, exposure of the microorganisms to antipseudomonal antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, which is an inhibitor of DNA-gyrase, can stimulate the bacterial production of ROS (Dwyer et al., 2007; Kohanski DNA ligase et al., 2007). To combat the mutagenic consequences of the ROS, the MutT, MutY and MutM of the DNA oxidative repair system (GO) play an important role (Mandsberg et al., 2009). The enzymes of the GO system repair and prevent the incorporation of an oxidative damaged form of guanosine, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-dGuanine (8-oxodG), in the DNA. The MutT is a nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase catalysing the conversion of 8-oxodGTP to 8-oxodGMP + PPi, preventing oxidized guanine from being incorporated under replication; MutM is a formamidopyrimidine DNA-glycosylase that removes 8-oxodG when base paired with cytosine, and MutY is an adenine glycosylase capable of removing adenine when paired with 8-oxodG minimizing GC : TA transversions(Livingston et al., 2008).

In conclusion, the results are consistent with a model where, in Mycobacteria, one chaperonin (Cpn60.2) acts as the main housekeeping chaperonin in the cell, folding a range of client proteins both under normal growth conditions click here and after stresses such as heat shock, while the other (Cpn60.1) has evolved to have more specialized functions that are not

essential for viability, although they are also heat shock sensitive. The role of the Cpn60.3 protein that has been acquired recently by horizontal gene transfer is not known, but considering the expression levels, it is not likely to be significant. We are grateful for the financial support from the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh Lenvatinib nmr (studentship to T.R.). We would like to thank Prof. D. Chatterji (IISc, Bangalore) for the generous gift of plasmid pSD5B. “
“Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a free-living bacterium and an important opportunistic pathogen. The genes coding for virulence-associated traits are regulated at the level of transcription by the quorum-sensing response. In this response, the regulator LasR coupled with the autoinducer 3-oxo-dodecanoyl homoserine lactone (3O-C12-HSL) activates transcription of genes for several virulence factors. LasR/3O-C12-HSL also activates transcription of rhlR, the gene

coding for the transcriptional regulator RhlR, and of rhlI that encodes the

synthase that produces the autoinducer butanoyl-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) that interacts with RhlR. Genes activated by RhlR/C4-HSL include those involved in rhamnolipids production (like the rhlAB operon) and lecA, coding for PA-I lectin. The molecular basis of LasR/3O-C12-HSL- and RhlR/C4-HSLDNA-binding LY294002 specificity (at the so-called las-boxes) has not been clearly determined, and the aim of this work was to contribute to its understanding. Therefore, we analyzed the interaction of LasR and RhlR to variants of the rhlA-las-box that were constructed based on the comparison of this las-box to the las-box of lecA. We conclude that LasR and RhlR DNA-binding specificity is a complex multifactorial phenomenon in which both positive and negative effects are involved and that binding of these proteins does not necessarily result in gene activation. “
“Cell surface pili have recently been found in many different bifidobacterial species, including the infant gut commensal Bifidobacterium bifidum PRL2010. Pili produced by PRL2010 have been shown to be important molecular mediators for bacterial interaction with its human host. However, nothing is known about the modulation of their expression in response to cues that reflect the gastro intestinal environment, such as thermal, acidic, and osmotic challenges, or the presence of other gut microorganisms.

[41-43] Our results indicate that anticipation also can have a more prevailing effect. An alternative explanation would be viewing the BP increase as a consequence of physical activity associated selleck products with travel preparations (eg, packing). However, this seems unlikely considering the limited physical demands associated as well as the morning and evening BP assessment. The continued elevation of diastolic BP suggests increased cardiovascular arousal due to coping with the novel surroundings as found in experimental research.[19] Evidence for increased cardiovascular activity in association with travel and a CoR previously has been found in a study on the prevalence of myocardial infarction

during vacation, which was significantly more common

during the first 2 days.[44] Total average BP increases were 2 to 3 mmHg with no indication of morning–evening differences or heightened responses in certain subgroups. Thus, considering the small magnitude and the transient nature of the BP responses, these cannot be regarded as clinically significant. The return of BP to baseline on day 5 of the stay illustrates the transient nature of the CoR response, but also may be a preliminary reaction to spa-treatment, which tends to lower BP.[45] On the first night at the health resort individuals reported poorer sleep compared to baseline. This finding corroborates the “first-night effect” in sleep research.[12-14] The present result indicates that this phenomenon is not limited to the sleep laboratory, but may be a common reaction to sleeping in any novel environment. However, PF-562271 verification with objective sleep measures would be necessary. Morning mood did not respond to the CoR, contrary to our expectation. Several explanations can be put forth to account for this lack of response. First,

mood may not be a measure sensitive to the psychological demands associated with a CoR. Possibly, other variables such as anxiety or perceived tension would have been more adequate. Second, a potential deterioration of mood related to the anticipation of and/or exposure to the novel environment may have been masked by positive expectations, known as the “rosy view” phenomenon, and the curiosity induced by novelty.[46, 47] At this point, a more detailed psychological mapping of the responses to a CoR seems warranted MTMR9 for future studies. The improvement of mood on the fifth day after CoR is presumably related to a respite from work and the corresponding psychological recovery.[40, 48, 49] The responses to the CoR were not associated with demographic, medical, or travel-related variables except for the retirement status, those retired showing a slightly larger diastolic BP response to the CoR. Whether individuals previously had visited the resort or not also did not affect the responses possibly due to the minimum of 2 years between the current and past visit.

These data point to the PVO as an intriguing region in which 5-HT appears to promote genesis of 5-HT neurons that accumulate along the brain ventricles and contact the CSF. “
“Prefrontal neurons code many kinds of behaviourally relevant visual information. In behaving monkeys, we used a cued target detection task to address coding of objects, behavioural categories and spatial locations, examining the temporal evolution of neural activity across dorsal and ventral regions of the lateral prefrontal cortex (encompassing parts of areas 9, 46, 45A and

8A), and across the two cerebral hemispheres. Within each hemisphere there was little evidence for regional specialisation, with selleck inhibitor neurons in dorsal and ventral regions showing closely similar patterns of selectivity for objects, categories and locations. For a stimulus in either visual field, however, there was a strong and temporally specific difference in response in the two cerebral hemispheres. In the first part of the visual response (50–250 ms from Dabrafenib manufacturer stimulus onset), processing in each hemisphere was largely restricted to contralateral stimuli, with strong responses to such stimuli, and selectivity for both object and category. Later (300–500 ms), responses to ipsilateral stimuli also appeared, many cells now responding more strongly to ipsilateral

than to contralateral stimuli, and many showing selectivity for category. Activity on error trials showed that late activity in both hemispheres reflected the animal’s final decision. As information is processed towards a behavioural decision, its encoding spreads to encompass large, bilateral regions of prefrontal cortex. “
“Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase Calyx of Held giant presynaptic terminals in the auditory brainstem form glutamatergic axosomatic synapses that have advanced to one of the best-studied synaptic connections of the mammalian

brain. As the auditory system matures and adjusts to high-fidelity synaptic transmission, the calyx undergoes extensive structural and functional changes – in mice, it is formed at about postnatal day 3 (P3), achieves immature function until hearing onset at about P10 and can be considered mature from P21 onwards. This setting provides a unique opportunity to examine the repertoire of genes driving synaptic structure and function during postnatal maturation. Here, we determined the gene expression profile of globular bushy cells (GBCs), neurons giving rise to the calyx of Held, at different maturational stages (P3, P8, P21). GBCs were retrogradely labelled by stereotaxic injection of fluorescent cholera toxin-B, and their mRNA content was collected by laser microdissection. Microarray profiling, successfully validated with real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and nCounter approaches, revealed genes regulated during maturation.

However, real false positives in industrialized countries are rare. Among 1000 amebic

serologies, Laverdant and colleagues reported only two cases of false positives concerning patients with hepatocarcinoma.[6] Thus, in industrialized countries, amebic serology must be performed only on patients with a hepatic abscess who have stayed in an endemic area. False negatives decrease sensitivity and negative predictive value. They can be due to patients’ immune response, the type of serologic test, or the pathogen strain. Sensitivity seems to be less important with selleck chemicals serums obtained during acute illness (70%–80%) than those obtained during convalescence (>90%).[4] Indeed, a false-negative result can be obtained with a serologic test done within the first 7 to 10 days of the infection, but when repeated later, the test usually becomes positive: most of the time, seroconversion occurs before the 15th day. Furthermore, discrepant results can be seen between different assays done on the same sample. It has been described between LAT (negative) and IHAT (positive) in several publications (1/15 for Cummins[7] and 4/42 for Kraoul[8]), although these two assays use the same antigen. A similar result has been obtained between LAT and EIA (2/27 for van Doorn[9]). In this last case, initially negative samples

in LAT became positive 3 to 6 days later. Furthermore, E histolytica wild-type Acesulfame Potassium strains compared to strains developed in cultures used to make serologic tests could present differences in their antigenic profile. Selleckchem PLX4032 Tanyuksel and colleagues pointed out

that the lack of an accurately defined “gold standard” has impeded an objective assessment of the sensitivity of the antibody detection tests currently in use.[10] The accuracy of serology may be overestimated and the use of PCR methods tends to confirm this hypothesis.[11] Furthermore, no studies have been found concerning evaluation of amebic serology performance compared to a “gold standard” with likelihood-ratio test that limit the impact of prevalence. These observations lead to the conclusion that, in a highly evocative context with negative blood cultures, ALA should be considered despite a first negative amebic serology. Several propositions can be made to confirm the hypothesis of ALA. First, two or more screening serologic tests must be made. Second, if the initial serologic tests are negative, it is necessary to repeat the assay 7 to 10 days later. Third, the direct detection methods based on PCR gene amplification techniques realized in the abscess liver pus (when the aspiration is required) and also in blood, saliva, and urine samples appear to be very helpful and should be more systematically performed.[12] The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Typical radiological selleck inhibitor findings (Figure 2) were demonstrated by computed tomography (all patients) and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; eight of nine patients, 89%). Two patients (22%) suffered from multiple lesions, whereas the rest had a single lesion. In addition to the typical radiological findings, the diagnosis was supported by serology in four of nine patients. One patient was diagnosed following brain biopsy.

Data regarding treatment were available for seven patients: two patients refused antihelminthic therapy and five received standard albendazole therapy; one of them received three courses of albendazole treatment due to suspected appearance of a new lesion on MRI following treatment. All received adjunctive steroid treatment during antihelminthic therapy. All patients received antiepileptic therapy. Median duration of antiepileptic treatment was 16 ± 41 months after albendazole was given (range 1–120 mo). All patients were seizure free following discontinuation of antiepileptic therapy [average

seizure free follow-up period of 27 ± 25 months (range 3–60 mo)]. Radiologic follow-up data were available for eight patients. All of them had significant improvement; two of them had complete resolution of all radiological findings (Table 2). Complete resolution occurred in patients treated with albendazole. Radiologic improvement was documented in the two patients who refused treatment, however, this was partial improvement without complete resolution. During the study period, the PF-562271 datasheet estimated number of travel episodes of Israeli travelers to endemic countries was 2,400,000.9 Thus the estimated incidence of NCC among Israeli travelers is 1 : 275,000 per travel

episode to endemic region. (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate NCC has become an increasingly important cause of new onset seizures in developed countries.4 However, a majority of cases are still reported among immigrant populations from endemic areas, and infrequently related to travel. This report emphasizes the importance of considering NCC in the differential diagnosis of new onset seizures in developed countries, especially when epidemiologic data such as previous travel to endemic countries and radiologic features support this diagnosis. Human cysticercosis occurs following the ingestion of T. solium ova excreted in the feces of a person infected with the adult tapeworm, frequently by fecal–oral contamination (Figure 1b); either auto or heteroinfection may occur.11 As with other diseases transmitted by the fecal–oral route, all individuals in contact with a T. solium carrier may be at risk. Pork eating is thus not a necessary risk factor for the acquisition of NCC, as was demonstrated in a Jewish orthodox community in New York,12 and even strict vegetarians may be potential victims of the disease. Since fecal–oral transmitted diseases are very common among travelers, we would expect NCC to be prevalent in this population.

Porphyromonas gingivalis is asaccharolytic, and utilizes short peptides as its sole energy source (Takahashi & Sato, 2001). In oral environments, P. gingivalis may generate peptide fragments from external proteins to derive sufficient energy. Such a Bortezomib cell line proliferation of this bacterium would induce the destruction of human periodontal tissue, a phenomenon which is the typical pathology seen in aggressive and chronic periodontitis. This bacterium secretes various types of proteases: endopeptidases [Arg-gingipains (RgpA and RgpB) and Lys-gingipain (Kgp)]; aminopeptidases (DPPIV, DPP-7, and PTP-A); and a carboxypeptidase (CPG70) (Banbula et al., 1999, 2000, 2001; Curtis et al., 1999; Chen et al., 2002). Among the

endopeptidases and aminopeptidases, Arg- and Lys-gingipains are essential for the growth of P. gingivalis (Oda et al., 2007, 2009), indicating that gingipains are important virulence/proliferation factors for this bacterium. We searched for genes Selleckchem Gefitinib encoding proteins participating in the biosynthesis of gingipains by screening the P. gingivalis W83 genomic database for genes encoding putative novel membrane proteins. In the present report, we identify a novel outer membrane protein, PG534, which is required for the biogenesis of gingipains. The strains and plasmids are listed in Table 1. Escherichia coli ER2566 (New England Biolabs Inc.,

Ipswich, MA) was grown in Luria–Bertani broth. Porphyromonas gingivalis was cultured anaerobically (10% CO2, 10% H2, and 80% N2) at 37 °C in a brain–heart infusion (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) supplemented with hemin (7.67 μM) and menadione (2.91 μM) (BHIHM). Ampicillin (100 μg mL−1) and erythromycin (5 μg mL−1) were added to the medium as needed. PCR was performed with Vent DNA polymerase (New England

Biolabs Inc.). A 1.3-kbp 3′-terminal half region of the PG0534 gene was amplified by PCR with 5′-ATCTGCAGCTGGGGGCGGACG-3′ (italics: PstI site) and 5′-GCCGGAGCGTCCGAGCAGCG-3′. The PCR product was digested with EcoRI (in the 3′-terminus of PG0534) and PstI, and cloned into PstI–EcoRI-digested pUC119, to generate pKS39. To construct pKS42, a 0.7-kbp downstream region of PG0534 containing PG0535 was amplified by GPX6 PCR with 5′-GGAATTCTGAGCTCTGGATCCATATACGCTGCTCGGACGCTCCG-3′ (italics: EcoRI, SacI, and BamHI sites) and 5′-AAGGCCTATAGCTTTCGTAAGGATGGACAGCCTGG-3′ (italics: StuI site), digested with EcoRI and StuI, and ligated to the EcoRI–SfoI (in pUC119) sites of pKS39. To construct pKS41, a 0.7-kbp upstream region of PG0534 containing the tRNA genes (Fig. 1a) was amplified by PCR with 5′-CCCTGCAGTCGATAGAGCATCAGCCTTCCAAGCTG-3′ (italics: PstI site) and 5′-AGAATTCTATTAACGTATTTGAGGGAGAAAATCG-3′ (italics: EcoRI site), digested with EcoRI and PstI, and ligated to the EcoRI–PstI sites of pKS42. Next, pKS39 was digested with KpnI (in the PG0534 gene), and ligated with the 2.2-kbp KpnI-digested ermF–ermAM fragment from pKS1 (Saiki & Konishi, 2007).

2 and 1.3 kb, respectively) were

observed in the agarose gel (Fig. 2b). The difference in size indicated that TPMA0004 was the mycF disruption mutant. For genetic complementation for the mycF disruption mutant TPMA0004, pMG508 including mycF was transferred to TPMA0004 Natural Product Library cost by intergeneric conjugation. The transconjugant TPMA0009 isolated from the conjugation plate containing apramycin and nalidixic acid produced M-II (8.29 μg mL−1) (Fig. 3). The amount of M-II produced by TPMA0009 was approximately 55% of that produced by the wild strain A11725. PCR was performed with several primer pairs to confirm the genetic condition of TPMA0009. As shown in Fig. 2b, the transconjugant TPMA0009 producing M-II was the homogenous mycF complementation strain in which the mycF gene was inserted into the chromosome by a site-specific recombination between the artificial attB site on the chromosome and the attP site on Hydroxychloroquine mw pMG508. The disruption cassette FRT-neo-oriT-FRT-attB

was used to obtain the mycE disruption mutant TPMA0003 and the mycF disruption mutant TPMA0004 of M. griseorubida. In particular, PCR targeting with the phage λ-Red recombinase was performed to isolate the mycF disruption mutant. Furthermore, from these mutants, the homogenous complementation strains TPMA0003 and TPMA0004 were isolated by a site-specific recombination between the artificial attB site on the mutant chromosomes and the attP on pSET152 used as a vector. Recently, a simple and highly efficient

PCR-targeting system was developed for the gene targeting of Streptomyces strains (Gust et al., 2003). However, genetic engineering cannot be performed for actinomycete strains lacking the bacteriophage φC31 attB attachment site using vectors possessing a φC31 int gene and an Cetuximab concentration attP site. In this study, gene disruption and complementation studies could be performed for M. griseorubida, which lacked the bacteriophage φC31 attB site on the chromosome, using the disruption cassette FRT-neo-oriT-FRT-attB. A multiple gene disruption and complementation scheme using the disruption cassette is shown in Fig. 4. In this study, the complementation plasmid pMG508 possessing the int gene encoding integrase, the attP site, and the resistant marker aac(3)IV was inserted into the φC31 attB attachment site, which was flanked by the resistant marker neo and oriT on the mycF disruption mutant. For additional gene disruption and complementation studies of the complementation strain TPMA0009, resistant markers other than neo and aac(3)IV should be used. However, if a gene disruption mutant with the resistant marker eliminated was obtained by in-frame disruption, additional gene disruption studies can be performed with the same resistant marker.