Direct and inverted repeat regions were identified with the Repseek software integrated in the MaGe platform (Achaz
et al., 2007). To insertionally inactivate xbpS1, a 736 base pair internal fragment located near the 5′ end of the gene was amplified and subsequently ligated into the EcoRV site of pSTBlue-1 (Novagen). The xbpS1 fragment from the recombinant plasmid was ligated into the PstI-XbaI sites of the conjugal suicide vector pKnock-Cm. The resultant plasmid was transformed into E. coli S17-λpir and subsequently transferred into X. bovienii-SF43. The xbpS1 mutant strain (SF70) was selected on LB supplemented with ampicillin (50 μg mL−1) and chloramphenicol (25 μg mL−1), and gene disruption was confirmed by PCR. The xenorhabdicin activity assay was performed as described previously (Morales-Soto & Forst, 2011). SF31 and TT01 strains (Table 1) were separately subcultured in 5 mL of PF 2341066 LB and grown at 30 °C to an OD600 nm of 0.5–0.6. Cultures were diluted 1200-fold, and 100 μL mixed with 50 μL of each
polyethylene glycol (PEG)-precipitated xenorhabdicin preparations in a 96-well microplate. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Microplate cultures were incubated at 30 °C with shaking. The OD600 nm was measured at 0 and 24 h of incubation. R-type phage tail structures derived from different strains of X. bovienii induced with mitomycin C were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (Fig. 1). X. bovienii strains, Opaganib in vivo SF43, SF44,
and SF32 isolated from the Steinernema nematodes S. jollieti, S. feltiae, and Dichloromethane dehalogenase S. kraussei, respectively, produced higher levels of phage tail structures (Fig. 1). The xenorhabdicin preparations contained extended tails (Ext), empty sheaths (Emt), and contracted sheaths (CS). Other structures such as uncharacterized filamentous strands were also visualized. SF31 (S. oregonense) and SF35 (S. puntauvense) produced lower levels of phage tail structures, and SF36 (S. intermedium) produced hardly any tail structures. These findings suggest that the contribution of R-type bacteriocin to intraspecies and interspecies competition may vary depending on the level of xenorhabdicin production by the individual strains. As X. bovienii-SF43 produced phage tail structures, its genome was analyzed for P2-like phage clusters. Xenorhabdus bovienii-SF43 contained two P2-type prophage and six other clusters of mostly hybrid lambdoid-like phage genes (Table S1). One P2-type phage locus was a remnant cluster (Fig. 2) consisting of mostly tail synthesis genes (xbp1), while the second cluster (xbp2) also contained capsid, lysis, and replication genes (data not shown). A 400 kb inversion in X. bovienii on the right side of the chromosome (Ogier et al., 2010) places the xbp1 cluster in the opposite orientation in the chromosome relative to X. nematophila.