Method. Data from the Minnesota Twin Family Study, a community-based investigation of adolescents (age 17 years, n = 1252) and their parents, were used.

Lifetime diagnoses of alcohol and drug dependence (among both Selleckchem SB525334 parents and offspring) and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, adult antisocial behavior, and nicotine dependence were assessed via structured interviews.

Results. Parental alcohol dependence and parental drug dependence were similarly associated with increased risk for nearly all offspring disorders, with offspring of alcohol and drug-dependent parents having approximately 2-3 times the odds for developing a disorder by late adolescence compared to low-risk offspring. Compared to parental dependence on other illicit drugs, parental cannabis dependence was associated with weaker increased risk for offspring externalizing disorders.

Conclusions. Both parental alcohol and drug dependence are independently associated with an increased risk for a broad range of externalizing psychopathology among late-adolescent offspring.”
“Introduction: Uncontrolled proliferation is a fundamental characteristic of cancer, and consequently,

imaging of tumor proliferative status finds interest clinically both as a diagnostic tool and for evaluation of response to treatment. Positron emission tomography ASK1 (PET) radiotracers based on a nucleoside core, such as 3′-[F-18]fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine

([F-18]FLT), have been extensively studied for this purpose. However, [F-18]FLT suffers from poor DNA incorporation leading Adriamycin concentration to occasional poor correlation of [F-18]FLT tumor uptake with other proliferation indicators such as Ki-67 immunostaining.

Methods: N-3-((1-(2-[F-18]fluoroethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]-triazol-4-yl)methyl)thymidine ([F-18]2) and N-3-((1-(2-[F-18]fluoroethyl)-1H[1,2,3]-triazol-4-yl)methyl)-4′-thio-beta-thymidine ([F-18]3) were synthesized by click chemistry from [F-18]fluoroethyl azide and by direct nucleophilic substitution of a tosylate precursor. Metabolic stability and phosphorylation potential of the radiotracers were evaluated in vitro and compared to [1(8)F]FLT. Further, metabolic stability and biodistribution analysis of [F-18]2 and [F-18]3 were evaluated in vivo.

Results: Stable isotope standards and radiochemistry precursors were synthesized by modification of existing literature procedures. [F-18]2 and [F-18]3 were synthesized in a radiochemical yield of 8%-12% (end of synthesis, non-decay corrected). Both nucleosides were stable to metabolic degradation by thymidine phosphorylase, and in vivo stability analysis showed only one metabolite for [F-18]3. No phosphorylation of [F-18]2 could be detected in HCT116 cell homogenates, and in the same assay, only minor (similar to 8%) phosphorylation of [F-18]3 was observed.