, 2004). Furthermore, adjustments in the mitochondrial aerobic properties of cod (Gadus morhua) at the gene level were shown to be crucial

in seasonal acclimatization as well as in evolutionary adaptation to Arctic cold ( Lucassen et al., 2006). Exploring the underlying genetics of temperature adaptation in fish species has helped identify a multitude of mechanisms by which various fish species cope with different environments. It has also helped to explain the depth and biogeographical distribution of fish populations and has enabled researchers to predict the potential impacts of climate ABT-888 solubility dmso change on many marine ectotherms. Despite this, a holistic understanding of the gene expression differences underlying fish populations adapted to different environments is lacking. In addition to this there have been no studies looking at the underlying genetic mechanisms of temperature adaptation in a tropical estuarine species such as barramundi. Next-generation RNA sequencing (e.g., Illumina mRNA-seq) allows for selleckchem the profiling of large quantities of

expression data from many samples simultaneously, where individual genes or entire ontology’s can be identified and examined in response to an experimental hypothesis (Wolf, 2013). This methodology is ideal for examining temperature adaptation in fish populations as numerous genes and pathways are likely to be involved and RNA sequencing allows for examination of the entire transcriptome. In the current study the transcriptomic differences underlying growth differences due to temperature adaptation were examined in two populations of barramundi from different thermal environments (warm-adapted Darwin and cool-adapted Gladstone) using next generation

sequencing data (Illumina GAIIx) and GO analysis, in conjunction with growth experiments. Two genetically distinct stocks of barramundi (L. calcarifer) ( Keenan, 1994 and Keenan, 2000, Fst = 0.146, p < 0.001 Smith-Keune et al. unpublished data) representing a northern, warm-adapted (Darwin, Northern Territory, 12° 27′ S, 126° 50′ E) and southern, cool-adapted (Gladstone, Queensland 23° 50′ S, 151° 15′ E) populations were obtained STK38 from commercial fish hatcheries. Fish were kept indoors in a temperature controlled room (~ 25 °C) with a 12 h light:dark photoperiod and fed a commercial diet twice a day to satiation throughout the experiment (Ridley Aquafeed, http://www.agriproducts.com.au). Prior to the experiment, fish from each population were graded to a standard length (125 ± 2 mm) and weight (48 ± 1.5 g) and were divided evenly into replicates of three treatments and introduced to either a cool 22 °C, a control 28 °C or a hot 36 °C water temperature at the rate of 1 °C/h and kept stable for 1 month.