–MA. Tiller mortality began at PI, reached a peak in the PI–BT stage, and then gradually decreased with time until maturity. At the Max.–PI stage, DS rice showed higher tiller mortality than TP rice but

lower at BT–HD and HD–12DAH under either CT or NT. At PI–BT, higher tiller mortality was observed for CTTP (29.1%) and CTDS (29.4%) and NTDS showed lower tiller mortality than NTTP but with no significant difference. At the Max.–MA stage, the difference in tiller mortality between DS and TP was the smallest (Fig. 3). Both tillering duration (TD) and tillering rate (TR) varied significantly among the treatments. The TD was longer under TP than DS but TR was higher under DS than TP in either CT or NT. TD was longer in CTTP (59 days) followed by NTTP and lower duration was observed for

NTDS Epacadostat concentration and CTDS methods. NTDS had higher TR (15.3 m− 2 day− 1) followed by CTDS. There was no significant difference in TR between CTTP and NTTP (8.8 and 8.0 m− 2 day− 1) respectively (Fig. 4). There was a significant correlation between panicle number per m2 MK0683 clinical trial and maximum tiller number per m2, but not between maximum tiller number and panicle-bearing tiller rate (Fig. 5). The dry weight of the vegetative part of tillers varied significantly among the treatments at all crop growth stages. The tiller dry weight gradually increased until HD and decreased at the MA stage. TP under either CT or NT had higher tiller dry weight than DS except at the tillering stage. NTTP had higher tiller dry weight than CTTP at all growth stages eltoprazine except the tillering and MA stages. However, CTDS produced higher tiller dry weight than NTDS at all growth stages except the tillering and HD stages. Tiller dry weight was higher at the HD stage in all treatments and NTTP had

higher (4.3 g) tiller dry weight which was statistically not different from that of CTTP. Also there was no significant difference in tiller dry weight between NTDS and CTDS at the HD stage (Fig. 6). Leaf area (cm2 tiller− 1) varied significantly among the treatments at all growth stages of the crop. There were significant differences among establishment methods on all sampling dates. Leaf area increased sharply from the Max. to the BT stage, then slightly increased at the HD stage, and then gradually decreased with time. Leaf area per tiller was always higher under TP than DS at all growth stages. CTTP always had higher leaf area than NTTP, and CTDS than NTDS (Fig. 7). Number of spikelet per cm of panicle varied significantly among the treatments. CTTP and NTTP had significantly higher numbers of spikelet per cm of panicle than CTDS and NTDS. Panicle dry weight at maturity varied significantly among the treatments. Panicle dry weight under TP was higher than that under DS under either CT or NT. CTTP had heavier panicles (4.3 g) than NTTP. NTDS and CTDS were similar in panicle dry weight. The TP method resulted in 12% longer and heavier panicles than DS.