The runup of long propagating waves has been derived empirically mainly as a function of wave amplitude, water depth, and bed slope, whether we consider a propagating bore, a solitary/elevated or N-wave shape. The data obtained with the new pneumatic generator was used to find new runup relationships including parameters selleck compound that have not been studied experimentally before. A semi-empirical approach was chosen to investigate the relationship

between wave runup and a number of parameters characterizing the wave form (i.e., positive and negative amplitudes, wave height, wavelength, water depth, potential energy). Dimensional analysis was first used to relate these parameters to runup. The relationship identified was a power law. Next, simple linear regression analysis was used to find the combination of parameters resulting in the best fit to the experimental data. Expressions for runup were derived separately for long elevated waves, long N-waves, very long elevated waves, and very long N-waves. The resulting

expressions are seen to be consistent with previous studies, for long waves (elevated and N-waves), with the runup seen to be scaled as the positive amplitude (R∼aR∼a). However, very long waves are shown to belong to a different regime than long waves, and to scale as R∼a. This result has been suggested also by http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MK-2206.html Baldock and Holmes (1999) for bore-like waves. It is believed that potential energy is a useful addition to the parameters predicting runup. More systematic studies of the influence of slope variations on long wave runup dynamics are needed to clarify the relative contribution of the beach slope in comparison with wave parameters. This work was funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. We also gratefully acknowledge Professor William Staurosporine mouse Allsop and the staff at HR Wallingford for providing the authors with access to the facility, support during the testing

of the pneumatic generator, and contribution in terms of manpower and experimental equipment. Finally, the authors wish to thank the reviewers of this manuscript, particularly Dr Yong Sung Park, whose time in providing insightful comments and suggestions was greatly beneficial to the present work. “
“Absorption of anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 into the upper ocean lowers seawater pH and exerts a profound effect on ocean biogeochemistry. This uptake influences the entire carbon system of the earth (Steinacher et al., 2009 and Wolf‐Gladrow et al., 1999). Accurate and precise measurement of ocean acidification is essential for documenting the extent of changing oceanic chemistry and its implications. The ocean CO2 system can be fully characterized using two of four commonly measured parameters: total alkalinity, total carbon, pH, and CO2 fugacity (Millero, 2007). Although only two parameters are required for characterization, it is best practice to measure as many as possible to ensure internal consistency.