The extract and the main compounds were also analysed by NMR. The results indicated a high amount of betulin in the final extract (up to 50%), and an important quantity of betulinic acid: over 3%. The cytotoxic activity indicated a high proliferation inhibition for the birch tree extract but was still

comparable RG-7112 in vitro with betulinic acid and betulin.”
“Purpose: To compare the treatment outcome and short-term safety of electrohydraulic and electromagnetic lithotripters in children.\n\nPatients and Methods: Comparative analysis of children undergoing shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) with a Dornier MPL 9000 (TM) electrohydraulic lithotripter (EHL)and a Siemens Modularis (TM) electromagnetic lithotripter (EML) was performed. All SWL

treatments were performed by a single operator under the supervision of an admitting urologist. The demographic features, stone, and treatment-related parameters, including complications, were analyzed for both groups. Stone-free (SF) rates, re-treatment rate, and efficiency quotient (EQ) were calculated and compared for the two groups.\n\nResults: Ninety-eight children selleck kinase inhibitor had SWL for renal and proximal ureteral stones. There were 58 children in the EHL group and 40 in the EML group. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of age, sex, type of anesthesia, diagnostic modality, site, side, and size of the stones. Number of shock-waves used with EML was greater than with EHL (P < 0.00). SF rate was 95% and 77% for EHL and EML, respectively, with a statistically GSI-IX nmr significant difference (P < 0.00). The re-treatment rate was equal

in either group. The complication rate was higher with the EHL compared with the EML, although it did not reach statistical significance. Steinstrasse was the most common complication noted. EQ was 66% for the EHL, in comparison with 53% for the EML.\n\nConclusion: The EHL has a better SF and EQ than the EML; however, short-term safety is marginally better with the EML.”
“Second-kind self-similar solutions to a problem of converging cylindrical shock waves in magnetogasdynamics are investigated. Two trial functions suggested by Chisnell and the shooting method of Landau-Stanyukovich are used to determine the similarity exponent for different values of specific heat ratio gamma and the parameter k, where k is an element of (0, 1]. Detailed analyses of flow patterns for different values of adiabatic heat exponent and magnetic field strength are carried out. It is observed that the general behavior of the velocity and density profiles is not affected in a magnetogasdynamics regime whereas there is an increase in the absolute value of the flow parameters with an increase in the magnetic field strength. However, the pressure profiles are greatly affected by the magnetic field interaction.