[13] Based on these results, T12PR48 is recommended for non-responders to previous PR in the USA, Canada and the EU. However, in Japan, generally, T12PR24 is recommended because clinical trials were performed only in the T12PR24 regimen. Therefore, it is unclear whether T12PR48 improves the SVR rate of Japanese non-responders to PR compared to T12PR24. Accordingly, this study investigated which characteristics of non-responders to previous PR Deforolimus molecular weight are associated with the improvement of SVR rate with extended T12PR48. BETWEEN DECEMBER 2011 and March 2013, 456 consecutive Japanese genotype 1b-infected

CHC patients received TVR-based triple combination therapy at the study hospitals. Among all patients, 103 non-responders to PR were enrolled in this multicenter study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) diagnosis of CHC; (ii) persistently positive sera for HCV RNA for more than 6 months determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method (COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HCV Test; Roche Diagnostics, Tokyo, Japan); (iii) HCV genotype 1b confirmed KPT-330 by sequence analysis; (iv) non-responders to previous PR in whom HCV RNA never disappeared during PR after 24 weeks of therapy; (v) aged 18–75 years; and (vi) bodyweight of

more than 35 kg at the time of entry into the study. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (i) decompensated cirrhosis; (ii) positive for hepatitis B surface antigen or antibodies against HIV; (iii) previous or current development of hepatocellular

carcinoma; (iv) coexistence of other liver diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease and alcoholic liver disease; (v) renal disease or creatinine clearance of 50 mL/min or less at baseline; (vi) hemoglobin level of less than 12 g/dL, white blood cell count of less than 2000/μL, neutrophil count of less than 1500/μL and platelet count of less than 8.0 × 104/μL CYTH4 at baseline; (vii) depression, schizophrenia or history thereof, or history of suicide attempts; and (viii) pregnancy in progress or planned for either partner during the study period. Liver biopsy was performed in 80 of 103 (77.7%) patients within 12 months of enrollment. The presence or absence of cirrhosis was established according to the METAVIR score.[26] For the remaining 23 patients, the presence or absence of cirrhosis was determined by ultrasonography and/or computed tomography findings. The patients were divided into two categories according to the Japan Society of Hepatology guidelines.[27] Partial responders were defined as having a decrease in HCV RNA of 2 log10 IU/mL or more from baseline at treatment week 12 but detectable at treatment week 24, and null responders were defined as having a decrease in HCV RNA of less than 2 log10 IU/mL at treatment week 12.