2 minimal disease activity [32]. Other composite indices that include joint counts AZD5363 manufacturer can be used such as the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), with scores no greater than 3.3 indicating a remission and scores in the 3.3–11 range indicating minimal disease activity [33]; or the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), for which the corresponding score

values are ≤ 2.8 and 2.8–10 [34]. It is worth noting that the DAS28 is the least restrictive in defining a remission [35] and that the DAS28-CRP, which is less restrictive than the DAS28-ESR, has no validated cutoffs for remission or minimal disease activity [36] and [37]. The new ACR/EULAR definition of RA remission issued in 2011 requires values ≤ 1 for the tender and swollen joint counts, CRP level (mg/dL), and global evaluation by the patient (0–10 visual analog scale [VAS]) [38]. However, even in

the absence of objective evidence of inflammation, a non-negligible proportion of patients have a global VAS score > 1/10 [39]. Thus, the ACR/EULAR definition of disease remission may be excessively restrictive for everyday practice. In situations that are challenging to evaluate (e.g., fibromyalgia or pain due to sequelae), particular importance should be given to joint swelling and laboratory evidence of systemic inflammation. Other items not considered in these indices may be helpful such as morning stiffness duration, nocturnal awakenings, pain intensity, and extra-articular manifestations. Closely spaced follow-up evaluations and frequent treatment adjustments (every 1 to 3 months) are required as long as the treatment target http://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-809.html has not been achieved. This concept of tight disease control with a dynamic treatment strategy [40] and a clearly defined objective constitutes the treat-to-target approach [41]. Tight disease control involves matching the treatment to the activity of the disease. The usefulness of this strategy has been confirmed in numerous studies including meta-analyses [42]. Tight disease control improves the quality of disease control, decreases the need for surgical procedures,

and decreases the risk of death and cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction [43], Galeterone [44] and [45]. In patients who are not improved after 3 months (e.g., who do not have an at least 1.2-point improvement in the DAS28 or a transition from high to moderate disease activity) and those who have not achieved their treatment target (remission or minimal disease activity) after 6 months, the treatment strategy should be reappraised and, in most cases, the disease-modifying treatment should be adjusted or changed. The functional impact of the disease should be evaluated once a year (e.g., using the Health Assessment Questionnaire). This evaluation not only provides a snapshot of the current status of the patient, but also predicts future outcomes (in terms of clinical manifestations, structural damage, work ability, and risk of death) [17].