25 eV [19]. Figure 4 The absorption spectra of samples A to D. Considering the negative influence by the excessive NH3 supply, we tried to improve the nitridation process by Elafibranor optimizing the ammonia flow. In principle, the indium bilayer will experience a nitridation process

with the penetration of N atoms into between the bilayer [17]. This process would finally form a uniform wurtzite InN structure on the surface. For the case of excessive NH3 flow, the top layer in high N concentration on the surface easily forms a steep concentration gradient between surface and sub-surface layers where the N atoms will diffuse to. According to Fick’ first law, (2) where the J is the total diffusion flux and the D is the diffusion factor. The steeper the concentration gradient would lead to the higher the total diffusion flux J[20]. Thus, N atoms could not uniquely arrive at the preferable top site via the one-atom-on-one-site mode. Instead, they would diffuse to various positions and some would even crowd in some energy minima. Meanwhile, ultra-high N concentration on surface could even make some N atoms hang over the top indium atomic layer, and, in this case, the indium pre-deposition of next pulse would fail to construct indium bilayer in some regions. As a result, the uniformity and smoothness of the InN film is deteriorated. Based on this analysis, the NH3 flow PF-04929113 ic50 should be optimized by

reducing the mass flow, which is set to 0.25 mol/min for sample E and 0.125 mol/min for sample F. Figure 5

shows the SEM images of these two samples. One can see that the smoothness of sample E has been slightly improved and is better than that of sample C. This indicates that the lower ammonia flow could improve the uniform diffusion of N atoms. Further reduction of NH3 flow in sample F finally leads to a large improvement of buy Forskolin InN quality and surface smoothness, as shown in the cross-sectional image of Figure 5F2. The corresponding AFM scanning also confirms this enhancement of surface smoothness (rms = 7). After the deposition of indium bilayer, a moderate, stable, and slow nitridation process with appropriate ammonia flow is crucial for the formation of better-quality InN film. Figure 5 SEM images of sample E and F. (E1, F1) The top view and (E2, F2) the side view images of samples E and F, respectively. In order to study the residual strain of as-grown InN films, XRD characterizations with ω-2θ scans were taken and the results are shown in Figure 6. Typical symmetrical (002) diffraction peaks of wurtzite InN and wurtzite GaN could be clearly identified, at about 15.8° and 17.4° [21]. Besides, another weak peak was MK-1775 molecular weight observed at about 16.65°; this peak has been identified as (101) diffraction peak of wurtzite InN by consulting related database and reference. In order to separate the mixing of these two peaks, a multi-peak fitting in this region was made and peak positions of each could be determined.