(2008), including primary dependence motives consisting of automaticity, loss of control, craving, and tolerance subscales and secondary dependence motives summarizing nine subscales including protein inhibitor positive and negative reinforcement, taste�Csensory properties, behavioral choice�Cmelioration, cognitive enhancement, affiliative attachment, weight control, cue exposure associative processes, and social�Cenvironmental goads. WISDM subscales correlate moderately with FTND and with DSM-IV nicotine dependence symptom counts, suggesting good convergent validity of the test (Shenassa et al., 2009; Tombor & Urb��n, 2010). Both convergent and discriminant validity of several nicotine dependence scales including WISDM are supported by Japuntich, Piper, Bolt, Schlam, and Baker (2009) by means of real-time data collection.
Other research has demonstrated that primary dependence motives score has an incremental validity over FTND to predict self-administration of nicotine and present desire to smoke in an operant self-administration paradigm (Piasecki, Piper, & Baker, 2010). On the other hand, secondary dependence motives score also has incremental validity over FTND to predict the withdrawal symptoms and expectations for negative reinforcement (Piasecki et al., 2010). Recognizing that the length of WISDM-68 decreases its applicability in many studies, Smith et al. (2010) have recently developed the Brief WISDM-37. They report that this 37-item inventory contains 11 subscales with adequate psychometric properties, such as appropriate internal consistency, good convergent validity, and predictive validity.
Analyzing the data of three independent samples, they also provide evidence of good internal consistency of each subscale (p. 492), including affiliative attachment (�� = .83�C.90), automaticity (�� = .89�C.92), loss of control (�� = .77�C.87), cognitive enhancement (�� = .88�C.92), craving (�� = .80�C.86), cue exposure/associative processes (�� = .68�C.72), social/environmental goads (�� = .91�C.94), taste (�� = .87�C.91), tolerance (�� = .73�C.85), weight control (�� = .84�C.90), and affective enhancement (�� = .076�C.78). Nevertheless, further research is required to examine the psychometric properties and construct validity of the WISDM-37 in different populations and in different languages.
One of our main goals was to investigate the psychometric properties of WISDM-68 and WISDM-37 in an Internet-based sample of smokers. Internet-related smoking cessation services attract many smokers who are willing to quit, and therefore, it is important to evaluate the feasibility and validity of using psychometric scales tested in this context of administration. Our second goal was to provide data about the psychometric properties of the measurement model of WISDM-68 and WISDM-37 in another culture and in another language. Our third goal was to test the gender equivalence Cilengitide of the measurement models of smoking motives.