Acute drug exposure did not alter P20 responses on subsequent testing days since there were no effects of treatment order and baseline saline data revealed no differences across treatment conditions prior to drug exposure. Table 2. Mean and Alisertib molecular weight SD for the P20 amplitude in mice and P50 amplitude in humans for both S1 and S2 responses Figure 1. Grand averages of mouse (A) and human (B) event-related potentials showing the responses to S1 (black) and S2 (gray). Maximum positive deflections in (A) and (B) represent the P20 and P50 components, respectively. Dotted lines indicate stimulus onset … Figure 2. Effects of nicotine and varenicline on the mouse P20. (A) Nicotine enhances P20 habituation by selectively increasing the response to S1. Amplitudes are averaged across varenicline conditions.

This means that nicotine increases the S1 response of the … For the human study, there was significant habituation of the second P50 response relative to the first (S1 = 2.91 ��V �� 0.39, S2 = 1.83 �� 0.29, p = .010; Figure 1B). There was no main effect of abstinence on P50 amplitude (p = .584), but an interaction with stimulus (p = .041) indicated that abstinence reduced habituation relative to smoking. Post hoc analyses showed that abstinence decreased S1 response amplitude (p = .004) but had no effect on S2 response amplitude (p = .308; Figure 3A). Neither baseline number of daily cigarettes (p = .296) nor FTND (p = .751) were significantly associated with the effect of smoking on auditory habituation. Figure 3. Effects of smoking and varenicline on human P50.

(A) Smoking enhances P50 habituation by selectively increasing the response to S1. Amplitudes are averaged across varenicline conditions. This shows the main effect of smoking when collapsing across other … There was no effect of varenicline on P50 amplitude (p = .579) or habituation (p = .191) when averaged across treatment orders (Group 1 and Group 2). However, there was a significant effect of treatment order on P50 amplitude (p = .043). Subjects who received placebo first and varenicline second (Group 2; Figure 3B) had higher P50 amplitude than subjects receiving varenicline first and placebo second (Group Carfilzomib 1; Figure 3B). Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between varenicline, smoking, and treatment order (p = .037), indicating that pharmacological effects differed based on treatment order. Subjects receiving placebo first exhibited decreased P50 amplitude during abstinence (p = .004), which was attenuated by varenicline. Subjects receiving varenicline first followed by placebo did not have a similar effect (p = .862). P50 amplitude during abstinence was significantly higher on varenicline than on placebo (p = .003) for subjects who received placebo first (p = .