A subsequent study found one de novo SHANKS mutation and two 22ql3 deletions in 400 ASD subjects (and an additional deletion in a different cohort).49 As in the first study, one deletion arose from a paternal translocation, resulting in a child with monosomy at the SHANKS locus and a child with trisomy at this locus. ‘I lie Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical monosomy was associated with autism, while the monosomy was associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

A recent study found one de novo deletion and one misscnse change (the latter transmitted from a father with epilepsy) in 427 ASD cases.50 CNVs at the SHANKS locus have also been identified in the genome-wide studies noted above.31 Altogether, these results indicate that haploinsufficicncy of SHANKS can cause a monogenic form of ASD with frequency of about 0.5% to 1 % of ASD cases. Furthermore, trisomy at this locus appears

to result in less severe phenotypes, including Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Asperger Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical syndrome and ADHD. SHANK3 is a synaptic scaffolding protein that is abundant in the postsynaptic density (PSD). It has multiple protein interaction domains, interfacing between glutamate (and likely other) receptor complexes and actin regulatory proteins, and therefore appears Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to be well suited to playing a role in spine morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity.51,52 When overexpressed in cultured hippocampal neurons, SHANK3 promoted the enlargement of dendritic spines,53 while disruption of the related Shankl in mice led to

smaller dendritic spines and reduced synaptic transmission, along with altered cognitive till processes.54 Dramatically, expression of SHANK3 in aspiny cerebellar neurons promoted spine formation and the recruitment of glutamate Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical receptors to the synapse, directing implicating SHANK3 in the formation and function of glutamatergic synapses.55 NLGN3/4 Neuroligins (NLGNs), which are Brefeldin_A SHANK3- and NRXNl-interacting proteins, are postsynaptic CAMs that support synapse – including glutamatergic synapse – formation. There are five homologs in the human genome, with NLGNS and NLGN4X found on the Xchromosome (at Xql3 and Xp22.3, respectively), and NLGN4Y on the Y chromosome. Screening for mutations in these genes in over 150 cases led to the identification of two de novo mutations, including a frameshift mutation in NLGN4 and a C-T transition in NLGN3 that led to a R451C change.56 In another study, a mutation in NLGL4 that leads to a premature stop codon was found in a large pedigree.57 While the mutation had very high penetrance, Ivacaftor purchase expressivity was variable with the 10 males having mental retardation (MR) and/or ASD.