As each reading block lasted 20 sec and contained a maximum of 30 irregular words or nonwords, the presentation rate did not exceed 90 irregular words or nonwords per minute. The order of the reading tasks (i.e., irregular words vs. nonwords) was counterbalanced across the 13 blocks in such a way that seven blocks began with irregular word reading

and six blocks with DNA PK inhibitor nonword reading. The order of the blocks was also counterbalanced across participants. Figure 1 depicts the design of one block. Figure 1 Time course for one of the 13 blocks beginning with irregular word reading. During the baseline and resting periods, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical participants were instructed to relax and minimize Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical their thoughts while fixating a cross presented in central position on the computer screen. Individual reading

speed and number of errors were recorded. Nonwords were judged as correctly produced if the participant applied the spelling-to-sound correspondences in the French language. If a nonword had more than one acceptable pronunciation (e.g., acho can be pronounced [aʃo] or [ako]), both pronunciations Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were judged as correct. The total session duration was approximately 90 min, including the setup of the helmet, sources, detectors, and electrodes. Data acquisition Data were gathered with a rate of 19.5312 Hz using a 128-channel spectrometer Imagent Tissue Oxymeter (ISS Inc., Champaign, IL)

that included 55 sources and 16 detectors, and the software package Boxy (Photon Migration Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Imaging Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA). Two wavelengths were used: 690 nm, sensitive to HbR concentration changes, and 830 nm, sensitive to HbO concentration changes. No detector saturation occurred during the experiment. The sources and the detectors were placed on the participant’s scalp using a custom-built, rigid but comfortable helmet allowing head movements and aloud verbalization. Hair around sources and detectors was parted to avoid interference with light emission and detection. Two different helmet sizes were used (57 and 59 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cm) depending on the head circumference of the participants. A standard montage was created for each helmet using the click here software Brainsight™ Frameless 39 (Rogue Research, Canada). According to the International 10–20 system (Jasper 1958), sources and detectors were placed bilaterally over cerebral regions classically involved in reading processes: Broca and Wernicke areas, the left middle and superior temporal gyri, the left parietal gyrus, the left temporo-occipital region, the left visual cortex, and their right homologous regions. The source–detector distance varied from 2 to 5 cm. Figure 2 shows the regions covered by the montage. Figure 2 Layout of the 55 sources and 16 detectors over the left and right hemispheres used for all 12 participants.