At P30, MNs contained swollen or vacuolated mitochondria as well as mega-mitochondria that were observed at the electron microscope level, but not at light microscope level

as seen at P60 (Fig. ​(Fig.1616 vs. Fig. ​Fig.2).2). In swollen or vacuolated mitochondria, space between the inner and outer membranes appeared to be enlarged, whereas mega-mitochondria were characterized as significantly enlarged mitochondria Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with an apparent normal internal structure. Interestingly, presynaptic terminals on MNs also possessed morphologically abnormal mitochondria. These features were observed in all α-MNs examined, whereas the terminals on γ-MNs appeared normal. Furthermore, while α-MNs Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical exhibited these

morphological abnormalities, the extent was not the same in all cells, and often the affected cells included MNs outside the putative TA MN pool. Figure 16 Enlarged mitochondria and cytoplasmic vacuoles are observed in P30 SOD1 MNs. At P30, αMNs have a similar appearance in both WT (A) and SOD1 (B) animals. However, upon closer inspection, mitochondria (arrows in C–F) are larger in SOD1 (D) … There was also an accumulation of small empty vacuoles in cytoplasm of MNs in SOD1G93A mice (Fig. ​(Fig.16D).16D). These vacuoles were identical in appearance to those observed at P75, but were Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical far fewer in number. Although the source of these vacuoles is not clear, they were often observed close to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cis- or trans-Golgi Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical elements and less often also observed in association with mitochondria. However, these vacuoles were rarely observed in axons and were not observed in the presynaptic terminal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the NMJs, lending further support to their possible derivation from ER or Golgi. We also observed mitochondrial abnormalities and

large cytoplasmic vacuoles in both proximal and distal dendrites of P30 α-MNs (Figs. ​(Figs.16F16F and ​and17).17). Distal MN dendrites that extend into ventral and ventral–lateral white matter exhibited the most profound morphological abnormalities at P30; these mitochondria had swollen and vacuolated spaces between the internal Epigenetic inhibitor membrane and substantially larger cytoplasmic vacuoles than those observed in the soma (Fig. ​(Fig.17).17). The morphology of these vacuoles from is similar to that observed in heart or liver mega-mitochondria following chronic exposure to a hypotonic solution (Wakabayashi 2002). Figure 17 Distal dendrites in SOD1 MNs exhibit vacuolated mitochondria and large cytoplasmic vacuoles, and axons have fragmented myelin sheaths. Synapse types on MN distal dendrites (d) at P30 in white matter adjacent to VH showed a decrease in type I (r) synapses …