ATRA check details suppressed the phosphorylation of KIT protein KIT protein is one of the most important molecules in the pathogenesis of GISTs. Despite clinicopathological difference, most GISTs have a similar genetic profile, gain-of-function mutations

of KIT or PDGFRA [2]. Upon the importance of KIT protein, we examined whether ATRA can suppress KIT activity in GIST-T1 cells. We treated GIST-T1 cells with 180 μM ATRA for the indicated duration. Total cell lysates were subjected to Sepantronium western blot analysis. Interestingly, ATRA treatment resulted in suppression of KIT activity after 4-day treatment in GIST-T1 cells (Figure 4A the top row) and GIST-882 cells (data not shown). The suppression of KIT activity in GIST-T1 and GIST-882 cells by ATRA required longer time compared with other reagents such as imatinib or EGCG [25]. In addition, ATRA treatment also ICG-001 manufacturer suppressed the AKT activity (Figure 4A the middle row) but not MAPK activity (Figure 4A the bottom row) in GIST-T1 cells. Figure 4 ATRA suppresses the auto-phosphorylation of KIT and AKT protein but not MAPK activity. Panel A shows the suppression of KIT and AKT activity after 2-, 4- or 6-day treatment with 180 μM ATRA. Panel B shows the suppression of KIT and AKT activity after 4 hours treatment with different ATRA concentrations in serum-free media. The results demonstrated that KIT

and AKT activity were suppressed by ATRA treatment in a dose- and time-dependent manner but not MAPK activity. Interestingly, the suppression of KIT and AKT activity by ATRA treatment was enhanced in serum-free media. However, suppression of MAPK activity was not observed even in serum-free media (Figure 4B). The similar results were observed in GIST-882 cells (data not shown). ATRA prevented the migration of GIST-T1 cells Next, to study the migration of GIST-T1 cells in vitro, the scratch assay was performed. This method is based on the observation that, upon creation of a new artificial gap, so called a scratch on a confluent cell monolayer, the cell on the edge of the newly

created gap will move toward the opening to close the scratch until cell to cell contacts are established again. In this study, GIST-T1 cells were seeded with or without ATRA (45, 90 μM) in plates. After 24 Fossariinae hour incubation to get the confluence, a scratch was created. The images of GIST-T1 cells at the beginning and 24 hour later were compared to assess the migration of GIST-T1 cells. The result revealed that 90 μM ATRA inhibited completely migration of GIST-T1 cells compared with the non-ATRA treated dishes (Figure 5A). However, at a lower concentration (45 μM), ATRA inhibited but not completely the migration of these cells (data not shown). All together, the data suggested that ATRA may be useful to prevent the invasion or metastasis of GIST cells. Figure 5 Panel A shows the result of scratch assay, GIST-T1 cells were treated with or without ATRA (90 μM).