Microinfusion of resveratrol (10 mu M) directly

applied to the sub-thalamic nucleus (STN) of the rat brain significantly minimized the formation of astrocytic gliosis in response to a 27-G precision-glide cannula implant. The therapeutic effects of resveratrol extended to the “”kill zone”", a boundary zone of about 100 pm comprising the cannula implant and surrounding neurons. We also found that resveratrol not only provided almost complete protection from mechanical injury to the brain, but that it also prevented undesirable motor deficits often seen in animals with lesions to the STN. Lastly, continuous infusion of resveratrol over a 4-week period led to the inhibition of pro-apoptotic, neurodegenerative Liproxstatin-1 mw and cell division cycle genes that may be associated with a reduction in astrocytic gliosis and glial scar formation within the STN. Taken together, these data suggest that application of resveratrol to the brain is an effective adjunct surgical procedure for minimizing acute neuronal injury when electrodes are implanted directly into the STN. (C)

2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Human hydration assessment is a key component for the prevention and proper treatment of heat-related fluid and electrolyte imbalances within military, sports and clinical medicine communities. Despite the availability of many different methods for assessing hydration status, the need for a valid CBL0137 method or technology that is simple, rapid, non-invasive, universal (detects both hypertonic and isotonic hypovolaemia) and is applicable for static (single point in time) and dynamic (change across time) hydration assessment is widely acknowledged. The eye is one candidate body region that might afford such a measure given the intricate balance between Metformin cost ocular dynamics (tear and aqueous humor formation) and blood (plasma osmolality and volume), which is considered the criterion measure for hydration assessment. The aim of

this review is to introduce and discuss the potential for using ocular measurements for non-invasive hydration assessment, including tear fluid osmolarity (Tosm), non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT) and intraocular pressure (IOP). There is a relevant physiological basis for testing the merit of ocular measures for human hydration assessment and recent data indicate that Tosm and IOP may have utility. Further investigations are warranted to determine the degree to which ocular measures can act as accurate and reliable non-invasive hydration status markers. Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“We investigated whether prior probability (PP) information modulates preparatory processes at a central premotor level or at a peripheral motor level. We provided parametrically graded probability information during the foreperiod of a precuing paradigm.