NNH was calculated as the reciprocal of the difference between the underlying risks of MI with and without abacavir use. A parametric statistical model was used to calculate the underlying risk of MI over 5 years. The relationship between NNH and Veliparib cost underlying risk of MI is reciprocal, resulting in wide variation in the NNH with small changes in underlying risk of MI. The smallest changes in NNH are in the medium- and high-risk groups of MI. The NNH changes as risk components are modified;

for example, for a patient who smokes and has a systolic blood pressure (sBP) of 160 mmHg and a 5-year risk of MI of 1.3% the NNH is 85, but the NNH increases to 277 if the patient is a nonsmoker and to 370 if sBP is within the normal range (120 mmHg). We have illustrated that the impact of abacavir use on risk of MI varies according to the underlying risk and it may be possible to

increase considerably the NNH by decreasing the underlying risk of MI using standard of care interventions, such as smoking cessation or control of hypertension. Abacavir is a common antiretroviral used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection and is currently recommended as one of the possible components of initial combination antiretroviral treatment [1–3]. The D:A:D study group recently reported an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) related to current or recent use of abacavir [4,5]. Some of the HIV-1 treatment guidelines have already taken into account the Dactolisib in vitro clinical implications of the D:A:D findings by emphasizing that clinicians should consider Dichloromethane dehalogenase careful assessment of patients who are on abacavir and at high risk of MI [2,6,7]. It is therefore of great importance

to ensure that the risk of MI attributed to abacavir use, together with the underlying risk of MI, is correctly interpreted and understood. Presenting results as relative risks (RRs) is standard in observational studies [8], but may be difficult to translate into clinical practice. The number needed to treat (NNT) and absolute risk reduction may be more clinically relevant, when assessing the beneficial effect of treatment [9–11], and the number needed to harm (NNH), together with absolute risk increase (ARI), will better reflect any adverse effect of treatment than RR in clinical terms [12]. Both NNH and RR are measures that attempt to summarize two numbers (the risks of MI with and without abacavir). RR summarizes the relative increase in the underlying risk of an event according to whether the patient receives a given treatment or not and the NNH indicates the number of patients that need to be treated to observe the adverse effect of a treatment in one additional patient. This approach was first proposed in 1988 [13], but it is still infrequently used to describe risk of adverse events of medicines [14–17]. NNH is a tool that can be used in different settings [18].