“Objective To determine the effect of ocular blinkers on d


“Objective To determine the effect of ocular blinkers on driving horses’ reactions to visual and audible stimuli. Design Balanced crossover trial with horses randomly assigned to either wear blinkers or not wear blinkers first or second, then subjected to repeated sequences of four distinct stimuli (chain rattle, cap gun, umbrella opening, and shaking of an aluminum can containing coins). Two weeks later, this process was repeated selleck chemicals with the ordering of wearing blinkers reversed. Animal studied Eight driving horses of various

breeds. Procedures Responses were recorded quantitatively as inter-beat times (the time between each heart beat in msec) and qualitatively via video recording. Statistical analysis of the first 10 s of inter-beat times poststimulus assessed the effect of the presence of LY3023414 supplier blinkers, order of blinker application and stimulus type using a linear regression model with a random effect for horse. Results Wearing blinkers is significantly associated with a decrease in the inter-beat times (increase in heart rate) when they are worn by horses experiencing an unfamiliar sound. However, wearing blinkers is significantly associated with an increase in the inter-beat times (decrease in heart rate) when worn by horses experiencing a primarily visual, familiar

stimulus. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Trained driving horses, when they wear blinkers, have a decrease in inter-beat time (an increase in heart rate) when there is an unfamiliar NU7026 sound. This may have relevance to horses who have limited vision caused by trauma or disease.”
“Microbial transformation of diosgenin (1) by suspended-cell cultures of the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella echinulata CGMCC 3.2000 was investigated. Incubation of the substrate diosgenin

(1) with this fungus led to the isolation of three products: two known compounds, (25R)-spirost-5-en-3,7,12-triol (2) and (25R)-spirost-5-en-3,7,11-triol (3), and a new compound (25R)-spirost-5-en-3,7,11-triol (4). The structural elucidations of the three compounds were achieved mainly by the MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods and comparison with known compounds. C. echinulata CGMCC 3.2000 has not been used before in the biotransformation of diosgenin (1).”
“OBJECTIVE: Diabetic patients with foot ulcers usually manifest with high amputation and mortality rates. Preliminary evidence supports the effectiveness of stem cell (St) therapy on diabetic foot ulcers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of stem cells in the healing of wounds among streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rats.

METHODS: Thirty male albino rats were divided into three groups each of 10 rats: control group, diabetic control (DC) group and St group. Diabetes was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin. A full thickness circular wound of similar to 10 mm in diameter was performed on the front of right legs of all rats.

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