One of the presumed concerns about HPV vaccine is the fear that adolescents will respond to vaccination with sexual risk compensation (also referred to as sexual disinhibition), initiating sexual activity at a younger age and/or reducing self-protective sexual behaviors. trans-isomer solubility dmso This issue has received considerable coverage in the U.S. and U.K. media (Abdelmutti and Hoffman-Goetz, 2010 and Forster et al., 2010) and parental concern about disinhibition has been found to be associated

with lower HPV vaccine acceptability (Zimet et al., 2008). However, post-licensure research has generally shown that fear about sexual disinhibition

is not frequently endorsed by parents as a major reason for non-vaccination (Ogilvie et al., 2010 and Schuler et al., 2011). In addition, several research studies have now been published that strongly suggest that risk compensation is not a post-vaccination problem (Bednarczyk et al., 2012, Cummings et al., 2012, Forster et al., 2012, Kahn et al., 2012, Liddon et al., 2012b and Mullins et al., 2012). One U.S. national cross-sectional study of 15–24 year old females found no evidence of sexual disinhibition in vaccinated compared MK0683 datasheet to unvaccinated females (Liddon et al., 2012b). Another cross-sectional study of 13–21 year old females who had just received their first dose of vaccine found that a large majority of participants recognized the need for ongoing safer sexual behaviors post-vaccination (Mullins et al., 2012). Similar findings were reported in a study of 16–23 year old mafosfamide HIV-infected young women (Kahn et al., 2012). A longitudinal study in the U.K. surveyed 16–17 year old girls before and after HPV vaccine was offered (Forster et al., 2012). After adjusting for baseline characteristics, participants who received vaccine were not more likely to have initiated sexual intercourse at

the time of the follow-up survey. Furthermore, among those who were sexually active, vaccination status was not predictive of frequency of condom use. Moreover, in a study of 14–17 year old girls that involved a comparison of 75 who were recruited after HPV vaccine licensure to 150 who were recruited prior to licensure, no difference was found in the rates of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomonas infections (Cummings et al., 2012). The only difference in self-reported sexual behaviors was that the pre-licensure group had more instances of unprotected sexual intercourse than the post-licensure group, the opposite of what would have been predicted by risk-compensation theory.