Out of phase endometrium selleck catalog is an aberration that is often found in infertile patients. Even if it is well known that abnormal endometrium is an important cause to recurrent miscarriage, Peters et al. found no significant differences between fertile, infertile and recurrent preg nancy loss patients with in and out of phase endome trium. At present, the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries origin of out of phase remains controversial. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays an impor tant role in the cyclic changes that take place during the menstrual cycle. This mechanism is coded genetically and contributes to the homeostasis of the tissues. Sev eral investigations have revealed that uterine endome trium can be regulated by apoptosis. In the human endometrium, there had been shown changes in apoptosis of the glandular epithelium throughout the menstrual cycle.
Recent publications confirmed Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the presence of endometrial apoptosis, mainly in the late secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. Apoptosis is an important mechanism in the regula tion of the endometrial growth both in the physiology and in the pathology. Previous work from our group, showed an increased survival capability Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in the eutopic endometrium from patients with endometriosis. This abnormal survival of endometrial cells may result in their continuing growth into ectopic locations. In addition, it is well known that the regulation of pla cental apoptosis is essential for the normal physiology of pregnancy during implantation since apoptosis is important for the appropriate tissue remodelling of the maternal decidua and invasion of the developing embryo.
Given Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries that the regulation of the apoptotic process in endometrium of LPD is still unknown, the aim of this study was to evaluate cell proliferation, apoptosis and the levels of the main effector caspase, caspase 3 in the luteal in phase and out of phase endometrium. Methods Tissue collection Fifty five endometrial samples were obtained from patients who attended for sterility or recurrent abortion at the Sterility Sector of Clinics Hospital from Buenos Aires. Eighteen samples were excluded as 3 were disso ciated endometrium, 10 were proliferative, 3 became pregnant at that cycle and 2 had endometritis. Overall, a total of 37 luteal endometrial samples were included in this study. All patients involved gave informed consent to participate in the present study, which has approved by the Hospital and the Institutional Ethics Committees.
The control group consisted of 21 in phase luteal endometrium samples and the study group consisted of 16 luteal out of phase endometrium samples. Most of the patients attended for sterility, only 3 patients in the control group and 2 in the out of phase Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries group attended for early recurrent abortion. Both groups were similar in age. Underlying pathology was selleck inhibitor discarded in all cases by histological and clinical studies.