Recent progress in electrospinning has greatly expanded the scope of available morphologies and Gemcitabine supplier properties for nanofibers, which further contributes to their applications [12–18]. For example, porous materials have been found in widespread applications such as filtration, catalysis,

and biomedical research due to their great increase of surface area and porosity of nanofibers [12]; beaded nanofibers have been used to design superoleophobic surfaces by mimicking the surface of a lotus leaf [13]; and core/shell nanofibers have been applied to the control of drug release by maneuvering drug in the core under specific conditions [14]. Previously, we have reported the fabrication of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) and PS fibers with a parallel line surface texture via electrospinning using a mixed solvent system consisting of a highly volatile solvent (e.g., acetone) and a nonvolatile organic solvent [15, 16]. These grooved fibers have shown a great potential in the area of tissue BIIB057 manufacturer engineering and superhydrophobic surfaces. However, how to fabricate grooved fibers with controlled diameters and groove properties (e.g., number of grooves, width between two adjacent grooves, and depth of grooves) is

still a challenge, which hampers the further development and applications of grooved nanofibers. PS excels in the production of electrospun fibers with various morphologies. Considerable efforts [12, 16, 19–22] have been devoted to the investigation of the secondary structures (e.g., porosity on the surfaces, wrinkled surface, interior porosity) of PS fibers. Although PS fibers with small grooved surfaces have been reported in several studies [20, 22], none of them

demonstrated how to control this secondary texture. Furthermore, the diameter of grooved PS fibers was normally larger than 1 μm [16]. In this work, grooved nanofibers with an average diameter of 326 ± 50 nm were obtained through optimizing the process parameters. By systematically investigating the influence of variables on the secondary morphology of electrospun PS fibers, we singled out that solvent system, solution concentration, and KU55933 molecular weight relative Vildagliptin humidity were the three most significant factors in determining the generation of the grooved structure of PS fibers and elucidated the formation mechanism of grooved texture. Methods Chemicals and materials PS (Mw = 350,000 g/mol) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc, St. Louis, MO, USA. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China. All materials were used without further purification. Electrospinning The PS solution was placed into a syringe with an internal diameter of 0.