Response surface methodology was used for optimization of torrefa

Response surface methodology was used for optimization of torrefaction conditions, so that biofuel of high energy density, maximized energy properties and minimum weight loss could be manufactured. The analyses showed that increase in heating values was affected by treatment severity (cumulated effect of temperature and time). Our

results clearly demonstrated an increased degradation of the material due to the combined effects of temperature and treatment time. While the reaction time had less impact on the energy density of torrefied biomass, S3I-201 the effect of reaction temperature was considerably stronger under the torrefaction conditions used in this study. It was demonstrated that each biomass type had its own unique set of operating conditions to achieve the same product quality. The optimized torrefaction conditions were verified empirically and applicability of the model was confirmed. The torrefied

biomass occurred more suitable than raw biomass in terms of calorific value, physical and chemical properties. The results of this study could be used as Selleckchem AL3818 a guide for the production of high energy density solid biofuel from lignocellulosic biomass available in Malaysia. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Children with malignancy present an important alteration of the immune system functionality caused by the illness itself and by the therapy they undergo. Therefore, they are at high risk of contracting vaccine-preventable diseases and of developing important

complications. Vaccinations represent valid devices against these infections but this condition involves two main problems: are vaccines safe in these patients? Are vaccines effective in these patients? The aim of this review is to discuss the principles of vaccination management in children with cancer.”
“Purpose: To isolate and identify an antibiotic produced by a soil bacterium, Intrasporangium strain N8, with antibacterial activity against both see more Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Methods: Fermentation followed by extraction using a three-solvent system (petroleum ether, acetone and ethyl acetate) and pH precipitation, successfully separated the antibiotic complex from the culture broth. Purification was carried out using flash column chromatography (FCC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The identities of the molecules were elucidated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.

Results: Three main components of the antibiotic were isolated and identified as 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone and N-acetyltryptamine. Bioassay results showed activity against both mammalian and plant pathogenic bacteria including Pseudomonas fluorescens, Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris, Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens. Pseudomonas fluorescens (MIC = 0.0625 mu g/ml) and Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (MIC = 0.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

*

You may use these HTML tags and attributes: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <strike> <strong>