Short-term (6 h) incubations were used to determine the effects of NaNO2 on the ability of the AOB to oxidize ammonia to nitrite. Concentrations of NaNO2 similar to that applied in previous studies of nitrite effects on N. europaea were used (Stein & Arp, 1998; Beaumont et al., 2004a, b). The final pH was significantly higher in NaNO2 amended than in unamended incubations for all three AOB, indicating less acidification and thus reduced rates of ammonia PD-0332991 purchase oxidation (Table 1). However, among the three AOB, only N. eutropha showed significantly slower rates of and less net nitrite production

when incubated in the NaNO2-amended medium, although this strain also had the fastest maximum nitrite production rate among the three strains (Table 1). Similar results were observed for N. eutropha and N. europaea cells incubated in phosphate-buffered, rather than HEPES-buffered, medium (data not shown). Thus, among the three AOB, the ammonia-oxidizing activity of N. eutropha was the most negatively affected by the presence of high nitrite concentrations. Genes selected for this study included those with demonstrated involvement in the ammonia oxidation and/or the nitrite reduction pathways of N. europaea (Klotz & Stein, 2011). The genes were amoA, encoding the α-subunit of ammonia

monooxygenase; nirK, encoding copper-containing nitrite reductase; norB and norS, both encoding cytochrome c-dependent nitric oxide reductases; cytS, encoding cytochrome c′-β; and cytL, encoding cytochrome P460. NirK and NorB have demonstrated activity in reducing nitrite SP600125 research buy to nitrous oxide via nitric oxide in N. europaea (Beaumont et al., 2002, 2004b; Schmidt et al., 2004). The norS gene has been identified only in AOB and a few other bacteria (Stein et al., 2007; Norton et al., 2008) and encodes a nitric oxide reductase with high similarity to NorB (J. Hemp, pers. commun.). Cytochrome c′-β has a putative function in nitrogen oxide detoxification, while the evolutionarily related cytochrome P460 was shown to

oxidize hydroxylamine to nitrite in N. europaea (Elmore et al., 2007). Comparisons of similarity between nucleotide and translated protein sequences of genes in N. eutropha and N. multiformis MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit to orthologues in N. europaea are shown in Table 2. Nitrosospira multiformis lacks cytochrome P460, and as it belongs to a different genus, there was less sequence similarity between N. multiformis and N. europaea than between the two Nitrosomonas strains for all genes. Incubations supplemented with NaNO2 only caused significant changes in the expression levels of three of the six functional genes examined. No significant change was detected in the levels of norB, cytL, or cytS mRNA of any AOB, suggesting no regulation of these genes by nitrite (data not shown). The levels of amoA mRNA of N. multiformis were significantly reduced in incubations supplemented with 20 mM NaNO2, but not with 10 mM NaNO2 (Fig. 1). Similarly, the levels of norS mRNA of N. europaea and N.