Since RDD and RSD motifs are unusual in lacking the RGD integrin-recognition sequence, additional multiple passages were performed to determine its stability. Amino acid sequence of the VP1 gene of the viruses obtained from different passages of Asia1/JSp1c8 ABT-263 solubility dmso and Asia1/JSM4 revealed that the RDD and

RSD sequence were genetically stable for at least 20 passages (Figure 1). The amino acid sequences of the G-H loop of viruses derived from different passages are summarized in table 2. Evidence that FMDVs can contain an RDD or RSD receptor-binding site increases the quasispecies complexity around the RGD-coding region. Figure 1 Sequencing electropherograms of the VP1 PCR-amplicons of derivatives derived from Asia1/JSM4 and Asia1/JSp1c8. The nucleotides encoding receptor-binding tripeptide are

boxed, (a, b, c) represent sequencing electropherograms of Asia1/JSM6c5, Asia1/JSM6c15, and Asia1/JSM6c20, respectively; (c, d, e) represent sequencing PI3K inhibitor electropherograms of Asia1/JSp1c8, Asia1/JSp1c15, and Asia1/JSp1c20, respectively. Table 2 Comparison of amino acid sequence at G-H loop of VP1 of the viruses derived from different origins and full-length plasmids Virus/plasmid Encoded G-H loop amino acid sequence c Additional amino acid changes in VP1 Asia1/JS/CHA/05 TTYGEESSRRGDLAALARRVNNRLPTS – Asia1/JSp1 TTYGEESSRRGDLAALARRVNNRLPTS – Asia1/JSp1c4 TTYGEESSRRDDLAALARRVSNRLPTS N154S Asia1/JSp1c8 TTYGEESSRRDDLAALARRVSNRLPTS N154S Asia1/JSp1c20 TTYGEESSRRDDLAALARRVSNRLPTS N154S Asia1/JSM4 Benzatropine TTYGEESSRRGDLAALARRVNNRLPTS –   TTYGEESSRRSDLAALARRVNNRLPTS – Asia1/JSM6c20 TTYGEESSRRGDLAALARRVNNRLPTS –   TTYGEESSRRSDLAALARRVNNRLPTS – pRDD TTYGEESSRRDDLAALARRVSNRLPTS – pRSD TTYGEESSRRSDLAALARRVSNRLPTS – pRGD TTYGEESSRRGDLAALARRVSNRLPTS – FMDV-RDDa TTYGEESSRRDDFAALARRVSNRLPTS L146F FMDV-RSDa TTYGEESSRRSDLAALARRVSNRLPTS N154S FMDV-RGDa TTYGEESSRRGDFAALARRVSNRLPTS L146F FMDV-RDD/pigb TTYGEESSRRDDLAALARRVSNRLPTS – FMFV-RDD/bovineb TTYGEESSRRDDLAALARRVSNRLPTS – FMDV-RSD/pigb TTYGEESSRRSDLAALARRVSNRLPTS – FMDV-RSD/bovineb TTYGEESSRRSDLAALARRVSNRLPTS

– a The rescued viruses were passaged 20 times in cell culture. b Virus recovered from vesicular lesions, away from the inoculation site. c Sequence data were obtained by RT-PCR of the VP1 capsid region. The dashes represent receptor binding triplet of the viruses derived from different origins and full-length plasmids. Rescue of viable viruses from the full-length cDNA clones To examine the influence of single amino acid substitutions in the receptor binding site of the RDD-containing FMD viral genome on virus viability and the ability of non-RGD viruses to cause disease in susceptible animals, we assembled a full-length cDNA clone of an RDD-containing FMDV and derived mutant clones containing RSD or RGD motifs with a single amino acid substitution in the receptor binding site (RDD→RGD, RDD→RSD). BSR-T7/5 cells were independently transfected with linearized-plasmids, pRDD, pRGD and pRSD.