Table 2 Significant differences between groups   Survivors (n = 10) Nonsurvivors (n = 6) P value ER MAP (mmHg) 76.5 +/- 25.4

45.6 +/- 8.6 0.013* GCS 14 +/- 2.8 8.17 +/- 4.1 0.004* Operative time (min) 189 +/- 65.3 105 +/- 59.8 0.022* ISS 28.7 +/- 3.5 60.3 +/- 22.9 0.0006* OR thoracotomy 20% 83.3% 0.024 + *Oneway ANOVA analysis of variance. + Fischer’s exact test. Six patients (37.5%) were managed with IVC ligation due to difficulty in obtaining adequate exposure and intraoperative hemodynamic instability, and ten patients (62.5%) were managed with simple primary repair. Caval ligation AZD9291 mouse was significantly associated with increased mortality, with five out of the six patients managed with IVC ligation deceasing (mortality: 83.3%) as opposed to one patient out

of ten managed with primary repair (mortality: MLN2238 purchase 16.67%, p = 0.008) (Table  3). Upon logistic regression analysis, significantly increased odds of mortality were seen with the need to undergo thoracotomy for vascular control (OR = 20, 1.4-282.4, p = 0.027), and the use of caval ligation as operative management (OR = 45, 2.28-885.6, p = 0.012) (Table  4). GCS as a linear scale displayed an inverse relation with the risk of mortality expressed as a binary outcome. Upon linear regression analysis, GCS was a significant inverse predictor of mortality, (p = 0.005) (Table  5). Upon logistic regression, a higher GCS was associated with significantly lower odds of mortality (OR = 0.6, 0.46-0.95, p = 0.026). ROC curves after logistic regression as a measure of model fit were 0.85 for GCS, 0.86 for caval ligation as operative management, and 0.81 for thoracotomy. In our cohort of patients, neither the mechanism of injury, nor the level of the IVC injury were significantly associated with an increase in mortality (Tables  6 and 7). No statistically significant differences existed among non-survivors and survivors for BE on admission

(-19.4 +/- 8.3 vs. -12.7 +/- 6.1, p = 0.08), total number of associated injuries (2.8 PLEK2 +/- 1.4 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.9, p = 0.15), transfusional requirements expressed as packed red blood cells (PRBC) (7.09 +/- 2.5 vs. 7.23 +/- 2.7, p = 0.9), or time to surgical treatment (19.5 +/- 6.9 min vs. 32.3 +/- 18.5 min, p = 0.13). Non-survivors mainly died on the operating table due to massive hemorrhage that was impossible to control operatively, with subsequent cardiac arrest. The mean hospital stay of survivors was 24.5 +/- 14.2 days. Table 3 Mortality by operative management (caval ligation versus simple repair) Operative management Number of patients Number of mTOR phosphorylation deaths ISS + Mortality rate* IVC ligation 6 (37.5%) 5 59 +/- 10.1 83.3% Simple repair 10 (62.5%) 1 29.5 +/- 1.2 16.6% +P value = 0.002, Student’s T-test. *P value = 0.