The colony purified isolates were stored in 25% glycerol at -80°C. Working cultures were routinely grown on BHI agar, stored at 4°C and subcultured at 37°C once a week to maintain viable stock cultures. PA56402 and PA27853 were highly susceptible to a variety of antibacterial drugs such as aminoglycosides, β-lactams and fluoroquinolones, including tobramycin (MIC 0.125 μg/ml), cefepime (MIC ≤1 μg/ml) and ciprofloxacin (MIC ≤ 0.25 μg/ml). Since PA56402 and PA27853 grew well in SD broth we used this medium for

growing polymicrobial biofilms of A. fumigatus and P. aeruginosa in mixed cultures. One ml aliquots of the overnight cultures were centrifuged in a microcentrifuge at top speed for 2 min and the pellets were washed 3 times (1 ml each) with sterile distilled Selleck Proteasome inhibitor water, resuspended in 1 ml fresh SD broth, standardized spectrophotometrically using a standard curve and subsequently used for various experiments. The use of SD broth was particularly convenient for biofilm development since it was commonly used to grow A. fumigatus cultures. Biofilm development For the development of A. fumigatus and P. aeruginosa

monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilm models, we used Costar 24-well flat bottom cell culture plates [Cat. no. 3526, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY 14831, USA]. Briefly, 1 × 106 A. fumigatus conidia prepared as described above were incubated in 1 ml SD broth at 35°C in 24-well cell culture plates for 18 h, and allowed them to germinate and grow producing a tightly adherent monolayer https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jnk-in-8.html of mycelial buy Milciclib growth at the bottom of the well. The surface mycelial growth was removed using a sterile spatula and the spent growth medium was removed by aspiration with a Liothyronine Sodium 1-ml micropipet. The adherent mycelial layer was washed (3 times with sterile distilled water, 1 ml each) using a 1-ml micropipet and the wash fluid was completely removed by aspiration. One ml SD broth was added to the mycelial growth (18 h) and then inoculated with 1 × 106 P. aeruginosa cells. The mixed culture was incubated at 35°C for either 24 h or 48 h for

the development of a mixed microbial culture producing polymicrobial biofilm. At the end of the coculturing period, any remaining surface mycelial growth was removed as previously described and the mixed fungal-bacterial culture adhered to the bottom of the 24-well tissue culture plate was washed three times with sterile distilled water (1 ml each). The adherent layer of fungal and bacterial cells was scraped with a wet sterile swab, resuspended in 1 ml of sterile distilled water, vortexed vigorously for 30 seconds with 0.1 g sterile glass beads to resuspend the cells and the biofilm growth was determined by CFU and tetrazolium reduction assays. For CFU assay, the cell suspensions were serially diluted 10 to 108 fold and 0.01 ml aliquots were spotted on SD agar plates containing either ciprofloxacin (50 μg/ml) or voriconazole (16 μg/ml) for selective fungal and bacterial growth. The numbers of CFUs of A. fumigatus and P.