The GMT levels corresponding to the G1 and P1A[8] serotypes at PD3 were about 4-fold and 3-fold lower, respectively, in the African subjects who received PRV than that observed to these serotypes in similar studies conducted in other regions [6], [18], [20], [21], [22] and [23]. The GMTs for serotypes G2, G3, and G4 for the African infants who received PRV were generally similar (varying from 1-fold, i.e. no decrease [G2] to 1.5-fold [G4])

when compared to the GMTs for the corresponding rotavirus serotypes among subjects who received PRV in the other studies. In addition, for serotypes G1 Autophagy Compound Library and P1A[8], the ≥3-fold SNA response rates in African subjects were approximately 50 and 40 percentage points, respectively, lower than those exhibited by subjects in the US, EU, Taiwan, Korea, and Latin America [6], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22] and [23]. For serotypes G2, G3, and G4, the SNA response rates were approximately 30, 25, and 30 percentage points, respectively, lower than those exhibited by subjects in other regions [6], [19], [20], [21], [22] and [23]. Thirdly, in a previous multicenter, open labeled clinical study conducted with 735 randomized subjects

in Selleckchem Lonafarnib Mexico, Brazil, Costa Rica and Guatemala, the immune responses to PRV when administered concomitantly (the same day) with OPV were evaluated [18]. The study showed that (i) concomitant administration of PRV with OPV was well tolerated within the 14 day period following vaccination; (ii) the immunogenicity of OPV was not affected; and (iii) although PRV was immunogenic when administered

concomitantly with OPV (concomitant group), the immunogenicity of PRV, as measured by serum anti-rotavirus IgA GMT, was decreased by 46% when compared to that when PRV was administered 2 weeks prior to OPV (staggered group). However, the sero-response rate, defined by the proportion of subjects with ≥3-fold second increases in serum anti-rotavirus IgA titres, was only slightly lower (∼93%), but non-inferior to that in the staggered-use group (∼97%) [18]. Similar results were obtained when SNA responses against the 5 human rotavirus serotypes (G1, G2, G3, G4, and P1A[8]) contained in PRV were evaluated. For serotypes G1 and P1A, the GMT and sero-response rate in the concomitant-use group was lower, but non-inferior, to that in the staggered-use group. For G2, G3, and G4, the GMTs and sero-response rates were generally comparable between groups [18]. Taken together, these findings showed that concomitant use of the PRV and OPV does not interfere with immune responses to OPV but may reduce the level of some immune responses to PRV [18].