The local antinociceptive effect of R(+)-UH-301 (0.3 mu g/paw) was significantly reduced by WAY-100635 (30-100 mu g/paw; a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist). Moreover, the antagonists GR55562

Verubecestat (30-100 mu g/paw; 5-HT1B/D) or SB224289 (30-100 mu g/paw; 5-HT1B) dose-dependently reduced the antinociceptive effect of CGS-12066A (0.3 mu g/paw) whereas GR55562 (30-100 mu g/paw) or BRL15572 (30-100 mu g/paw, 5-HT1D) reduced the antinociceptive effect of GR46611 (0.3 mu g/paw). Interestingly, the effects of BRL54443 and LY344864 (300 mu g/paw each) were partially reduced by methiothepin, but not by the highest doses of WAY-100635, SB224289 or BRL15572. The above antagonists did not produce any effect by themselves. These results suggest that peripheral activation of the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1F and, probably, 5-HT1E receptor subtypes leads to antinociception in the rat formalin test. Thus, the use of selective 5-HT1 receptor agonists could be a therapeutic strategy to reduce

inflammatory Entinostat pain. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“An epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies to influenza A virus in taxonomically diverse domestic and wild vertebrate species. In contrast to the bELISAs published previously that require reagent production, manipulation by the end-user, or have not been evaluated for use with both mammalian and avian species, this assay Sclareol is performed using commercially available recombinant nucleoprotein antigen and corresponding nucleoprotein-specific monoclonal antibody and has been shown to work with multiple avian and mammalian species. The efficacy of the bELISA as a serum screening assay was compared to the agar gel immunodiffusion

(AGID) assay using 251 serum samples obtained from experimentally infected mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and raccoons (Procyon lotor). The concordance between the AGID assay and bELISA was 94.1% (95% Cl = 89.9. 98.3) for raccoons, and 71.2% (95% Cl = 63.5, 78.9) for mallards and 82.8% (95% Cl = 78.2, 87.3) overall. The bELISA was more sensitive than the AGID assay as demonstrated by the detection of antibodies to influenza A virus at earlier time points in experimental infection studies and at higher serial dilutions. The efficacy of the bELISA to monitor natural influenza A virus exposure was also compared to the AGID assay using an additional 745 serum samples from six avian species and six mammalian species. This bELISA provides a rapid, reliable, and inexpensive technique for large-scale surveillance of influenza A virus exposure in taxonomically diverse vertebrate species. Published by Elsevier B.V.”
“Morphine-3-glucoronide (M3G) is a major morphine metabolite detected in cerebrospinal fluid of humans receiving systemic morphine. M3G has little-to-no affinity for opioid receptors and induces pain by unknown mechanisms.