There were

more local recurrences with surgery alone (35% versus 13% with CRT, p=0.09) (38). Overall survival was significantly improved with postoperative CRT, and median survival was 47.5 months with CRT versus 14.1 months with surgery alone. Similarly, Rice et al, on retrospective analysis, demonstrated a 28-month with CRT versus 14-month median Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical survival with surgery alone (37),(39). In modern day practice, it would reasonable to add chemotherapy to postoperative radiation therapy as per NCCN guidelines, to maximize the benefit of radiosensization with systemic therapy, especially if the patient could tolerate such a course. The available data do suggest that postoperative RT alone also would be appropriate. For adenocarcinomas of the GEJ, the MacDonald protocol is reasonable. Postoperative chemoradiation versus Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical postoperative radiation therapy alone A non-randomized prospective study from Taiwan 5-FU in vitro evaluated postoperative patients with T3-4 and N0-1 esophageal carcinoma who were assigned to either CRT with weekly cisplatin followed by adjuvant chemotherapy consisting

of cisplatin and 5-FU for four cycles (n=30) or postoperative RT alone (n=30) (39). RT was delivered to 55-60 Gy in both arms. A significantly better overall survival was seen with CRT (31 months vs 21 months) and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 3-year survival was improved to 70% with CRT versus 34% with RT alone (p=0.003). Radiation therapy field design Patients undergo a simulation with a Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scan, in the treatment position along with an immobilization device, usually in a supine position. Many investigators are utilizing four-dimensional CT scans (40). Appreciation of how the post-resection esophageal conduit moves with respiration, will aid the radiation oncologist in developing portals that cover sites at highest risk for loco-regional recurrence. In pathological analysis of patients with esophageal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and GEJ carcinoma, Gao et al prospectively collected and evaluated 34 squamous cell carcinomas and 32 carcinomas of the GEJ to assess

microscopic spread both proximally and distally in the specimens (41). For squamous cell Florfenicol carcinomas, mean microscopic tumor extension beyond the gross tumor was found to be 10.5 ± 13.5 mm proximally (<30 mm in 94%) and 10.6 ± 8.1 mm distally (<30 mm in 97%). In GEJ adenocarcinomas, the spread was 10.3 ± 7.2 mm proximally (<30 mm in all cases) and 18.3 ± 16.3 mm distally (<30 mm in 84%). Lymph node metastases were observed in 35% of patients with middle and lower esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and 47% of patients with GEJ carcinomas. The recommended Clinical Target Volume (CTV) margin was <30 mm in about 94% of esophageal cancers (pleural), except for distal microscopic spread in GEJ adenocarcinomas (pleural), in which 50 mm was needed to cover 94% of cases.