Therefore a major limitation of the BrdU assay is that only cells that have progressed through the S-phase during this short incubation period may be detected. In contrast, cells express Ki67 in all active phases of the cell cycle. Therefore, Ki67 appears to be a more sensitive marker for the detection of rare T cell responses, and may reflect the extent of in vitro antigen-specific proliferation more accurately than BrdU incorporation. Cellular proliferation in PBMC samples is routinely evaluated by dye dilution methods, using CFSE or derivatives such as OG (Robinson and Amara, 2005). A recent non-human primate study has proposed measurement of in vitro proliferation

by the combined analysis of Ki67 and side scatter properties of cells ( Shedlock et al., 2010). The authors demonstrate a correlation between this assay and the CFSE dilution assay. In this study, we show that the proliferation events detected by loss of OG dye are virtually identical to Carfilzomib the Ki67+ events. From this we reasoned that Ki67 expression is an accurate measure of T cell proliferation as only

cells that have completed cycling display a decrease in OG fluorescence intensity. Limitations of many protein reactive dye compounds include cellular toxicity ( Last’ovicka et al., 2009 and Shedlock et al., 2010) and sensitivity to pH and light ( Wallace et al., 2008). The Ki67 ITF2357 molecular weight proliferation assay requires no incubation or washing steps prior to or during the culture, and exposure of cells to toxic compounds is eliminated. Additionally, since labelling of cells is not required before antigen stimulation, detection of Ki67 by flow cytometry can be performed on antigen-stimulated cells after cryopreservation. A limitation of Ki67 as a proliferation marker is its inability to resolve the number of proliferation cycles that cells have undergone, Ketotifen as can be done with dye dilution assays ( Parish, 1999 and Lyons and Doherty, 2004). Enumeration of cell cycles enables calculation of

the original precursor frequency of specific cells, since the number of cells and their respective number of divisions are known ( Givan et al., 1999). Monitoring vaccine-induced T cell proliferative potential is important for determining vaccine take, memory function and long-term persistence of vaccine-specific responses. Previous studies have quantified Ki67 expression directly ex vivo as a measure of the vaccine-induced proliferative response ( Miller et al., 2008), or in combination with activation markers to identify antigen-specific T cells ( Stubbe et al., 2006). To detect increases in the expression of Ki67, these studies relied on low-level Ki67 expression before vaccination in healthy adults. Direct ex vivo detection of antigen-specific Ki67 expression may thus be challenging in individuals with high levels of in vivo T cell proliferation — such as those resulting from recent vaccinations or infections.