This could be addressed in future studies by separating the consent and initial orientation from the experimental procedures. Taken together, for these reasons, the current study should be considered sellekchem an initial study and not conclusive. Replicating the observed significant effects and directly addressing these issues will be critical in future studies. Acknowledging these considerations, these results and the findings from previous investigations nonetheless suggest an important evolution in the measurement and understanding of subjective craving for addictive drugs. First, there is consistent evidence that experimental manipulations that increasing subjective craving also dynamically affect diverse other processes, such as cognitive processing (e.g., Field, Munaf��, & Franken, 2009), approach�Cavoidance inclinations (e.

g., Curtin, Barnett, Colby, Rohsenow, & Monti, 2005), automaticity (e.g., Houben & Wiers, 2008), and incentive value, as in the current study. Importantly, these findings do not suggest that subjective craving is simply a readily accessible part of a monolithic whole. Rather, it is often only modestly related or unrelated to other these indicators. In this way, these alternative indicators do not ��translate�� subjective desire into more objective measures but capture separate motivational channels concurrently. As such, they support the notion that subjective desire is but one indicator of ��acute drug motivation,�� a superordinate construct defined as an individual��s state-level drive for the drug that is multidimensional in nature.

In other words, subjective craving may reflect an experiential dimension of acute drug motivation, demand indices may reflect an incentive value dimension, attentional bias may represent a cognitive dimension, and so on. This is illustrated in Figure 2. The typical amount of overlap among domains remains an open question, but may emerge across studies (e.g., Field et al., 2009), and the relative theoretical and clinical importance of different indicators is by no means established. Nonetheless, a shift in focus to acute drug motivation as a multidimensional construct may stimulate progress and reduce the ambiguity by emphasizing the importance of diverse psychological processes beyond subjective craving. Finally, the current findings may also have important applications. For example, behavioral economic indices may be useful in clinical research, where the predictive validity of cue-elicited subjective Dacomitinib craving has been actively debated (Munaf�� & Hitsman, 2010; Perkins, 2009; Tiffany & Wray, 2009). Supporting this notion, several recent studies have found delayed reward discounting, a behavioral economic index of impulsivity, predicts smoking cessation outcomes (e.g.