This is particularly the case for those patients who have failed

ITI. In many such patients, there is a need for prophylaxis with bypassing agents. Two bypassing agents are currently available: NovoSeven® [recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa); NovoNordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark]; and FEIBA® (FVIII inhibitor bypassing activity; Baxter AG, Vienna, Austria), a plasma-derived activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC) [1,5,7,8]. These bypassing agents circumvent the usual coagulation process in which FVIII and FIX are integral to generate a blood clot [9]. These agents are used to treat bleeds in patients with high-responding inhibitors where traditional factor replacement is unlikely to be effective [7]. For patients with low-responding inhibitors (with a Bethesda titre <5 BU mL−1) [10,11], high doses of the replacement factor in which they

are deficient may be enough AZD2014 cell line to resolve a bleed. The aim of this paper is to review and discuss current data for prophylaxis options for patients with haemophilia and inhibitors, with a particular emphasis on aPCC and rFVIIa, and to highlight upcoming studies investigating Trametinib chemical structure bypassing agents for prophylaxis. Immune tolerance induction remains the only proven method of eradicating inhibitors in patients with high titre and high-responding (anamnestic) inhibitors [12]. Regimens for ITI therapy consist of regular infusions of replacement factor, with the aim of inducing antigen-specific tolerance that allows patients to re-institute conventional prophylaxis (factor replacement therapy) [13]. Data from international, German, Spanish and North American registries have led to a consensus amongst haemophilia opinion leaders that initiation of ITI therapy should generally be deferred until the inhibitor titre has decreased to below 10 BU mL−1, although this may delay treatment for 3–6 months. The benefit of waiting for the inhibitor titre to decrease may be negated if this medchemexpress delay is in excess of 1–2 years [7]. During this period, inhibitor antibody levels should

be monitored closely to ensure timely initiation of ITI after the inhibitor titres have fallen sufficiently [7]. Immune tolerance induction is associated with adverse side effects related to the factor concentrate used (FVIII or FIX), the type and quantity of bypassing agent employed, any immunosuppressive agent (e.g. cyclophosphamide) administered and most frequently, the use of central venous access devices (CVADs) [14,15]. High doses of FVIII or FIX for ITI therapy (e.g. 200 U kg−1 day−1) raise the risk of thromboses development, particularly in patients who are also being administered high doses of bypassing agents to control or prevent bleeding [14]. Moreover, administration via a CVAD heightens the risk of thrombotic events in addition to the risk of infections associated with these devices [14,16].