01 < 0.01 -- -- ΔpppA pRH153 < 0.01 < 0.01 -- -- WT pRH154 -- -- 0.11(1) 0.08(1) ΔpppA pRH154 -- -- 0.10(4) 0.095(5) a Values shown are means of at least two biological replicates, with error in the last digit denoted parenthetically. b Extracellular activity divided by the activity from an equivalent fraction of lysed culture. c

Activity measured using intact cells divided by the activity from an equivalent fraction of lysed culture. Inactivation of T2SSβ modestly increases urea tolerance Baldi et al. demonstrated that inactivation of T2SSβ in E. coli E2348/69 inhibited biofilm maturation in confocal microscopic analysis of flow Vactosertib concentration cell cultures, though it had no effect on early biofilm development in stationary plate assays [9]. To uncover other phenotypes related to T2SSβ disruption, we used E. coli W as a non-pathogenic model system in a partial Biolog phenotypic microarray to compare wild-type and Δgsp strains grown with various stressors. The Biolog dye-reduction traces are presented in Additional file 1. Under most conditions the two strains were indistinguishable, but the screen indicated that elevated urea concentrations might differentially affect their growth. We examined this phenomenon in 96-well plate growth experiments under conditions in which our data showed SslE to be secreted (LB at 37°C). Compared to the wild-type control, Δgsp and ΔpppA strains maintained higher

stationary-phase LDK378 solubility dmso densities in the presence of 0.90 M and 1.15 M urea (Additional file 2: Figure S1), suggesting that inactivation of the T2SSβ system modestly increased urea tolerance even when the structural Gsp proteins were still expressed. We determined the role of SslE in this phenotype and verified modest urea tolerance by following the growth and viability of wild-type, Δgsp, and ΔsslE strains for 48 hours with

or without 1.15 M urea under the standard selleck chemical culture conditions we used for SslE secretion experiments (in culture tubes on a rolling wheel for vigorous aeration). Culture absorbance readings and viable cell counts indicated that, without urea, the three strains grew equivalently up to 12 hours and slowly lost viability between 12 and 48 hours, with indistinguishable final viable 5-Fluoracil counts at 48 hours (Figure 3 and Table 2). In the presence of 1.15 M urea all strains grew poorly, but Δgsp and ΔsslE strains maintained higher turbidity and viable cell counts than wild-type, with both mutants having > 60% more surviving cells than wild-type at 48 hours. We conclude that the inability to secrete SslE confers a small survival advantage in the presence of high concentrations of urea. Figure 3 Growth of wild-type and mutants lacking gsp genes or sslE with and without urea. A representative growth curve is shown for each strain grown under the conditions noted. Table 2 Viable cell counts for cultures grown with and without urea  Strain Ureaa 6 hrb 12 hrb 24 hrb 48 hrb Wild-type – 2.8 ± 0.