, 2009 and dos Santos et al., 2011a).

After the establishment of these electrostatic interactions, the protein undergoes a quaternary rearrangement that allows hydrophobic portions of membrane phospholipids to be inserted in the protein hydrophobic channels, therefore culminating with membrane destabilization (dos Santos et al., 2011a). The first consequence of this destabilization is the loss of ionic permeability regulation, leading to a reduction of the resting membrane potential, inactivation of sodium channels and blockade of both directly and indirectly evoked contractions (Gallacci and Cavalcante, 2010). In addition, the disruption of the muscle fiber membranes induced by Lys49-PLA2s also promotes an increase of cytosolic Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor calcium concentration, initiating a complex series of degenerative mechanisms that culminates with the muscle cell damage (Gutierrez and Ownby, 2003, Lomonte and Rangel, 2012 and Montecucco et al., 2008). In this article, we fully characterize functionally and structurally the Lys49-PLA2 MjTX-II from B. moojeni. Despite the fact that this class of proteins has been extensively studied, several issues regarding the function–structure relationships are still need to be clarified, as highlighted by a recent review in this field ( Lomonte and Rangel, 2012). This requirement is probably due to the high evolutionary pressure process by which snake

venom molecules are submitted, since proteins with few natural amino acid mutations 4��8C may present different oligomeric configurations, variable Cabozantinib cost toxic potency or even different functions when compared to their ancestral toxins ( Doley and Kini, 2009, dos Santos et al.,

2011b, Kini, 1997 and Kini, 2003). An interesting example is the MjTX-I, other myotoxic Lys49-PLA2 from B. moojeni that presents unusual oligomeric characteristics and displays lower myotoxic activity when compared to all other bothropic Lys49-PLA2s that have already been structurally and functionally characterized ( Andriao-Escarso et al., 2000 and Salvador et al., 2013). As demonstrated in this work, MjTX-II also presents some particularities if compared to other Lys49-PLA2s which seem to influence the mode of ligand binding along the toxin hydrophobic channel, a feature that may directly affect the design of structure-based ligands for Lys49-PLA2s. This work was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Nível Superior (CAPES) – Projeto NanoBiotec, Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal (BIONORTE/CNPq/MCT), Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INCT-INPeTAm/CNPq/MCT) e Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa em Toxinas (INCT-Tox), Secretary of Development of Rondonia State (SEPLAN/PRONEX/CNPq).