d Histogram representing the osteoclast number/mm bone surface (N. Oc/BS). selleck compound library e Fragments were amplified by RT-PCR. f The expression levels of ALP, TRAP, and MMP-9

mRNA were measured and quantified densitometrically. Values were normalized to GAPDH mRNA expression. All values are means ± SD (n = 8). Values not sharing a common superscript differ significantly. c 100× Bone histology analysis in OVX mice Figure 2c and d show that the number of osteoclasts in the region of the primary spongiosa significantly increased in the OVX mice (p < 0.05). Kinsenoside (100 and 300 mg/kg) and alendronate treatments decreased the number of osteoclasts in OVX mice (p < 0.05). RT-PCR analysis of tibial mRNA expression in OVX mice The fragments shown in Fig. 2e reflect the pooled data for eight samples. The RT-PCR analysis of the tibial sample in Fig. 2f shows that the expressions of ALP, TRAP, and MMP-9 were 168 % (p < 0.05), 157 % (p < 0.05), and 220 % (p < 0.05) higher in the OVX group than in

the sham group. PCI-34051 in vivo Treatment with kinsenoside led to 23 % (100 mg/kg) Crenolanib concentration and 32 % (300 mg/kg; p < 0.05) decreases in TRAP expression and 27 % (100 mg/kg, p < 0.05) and 36 % (300 mg/kg, p < 0.05) decreases in MMP-9 expression. Treatment with alendronate led to a 54 % (p < 0.05) decrease in TRAP expression and a 41 % (p < 0.05) decrease in MMP-9 expression. Kinsenoside and alendronate did not affect ALP mRNA expression. Kinsenoside inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis of BMs and RAW 264.7 cells Treating BMs with kinsenoside (10–50 μM) for 3 days did not affect cell viability, which was assessed by the MTS assay (data not shown). Figure 3a shows that kinsenoside does-dependently inhibited the formation of large TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclasts in BM cultures in the presence of M-CSF and RANKL. Kinsenoside inhibited osteoclast formation by 17 % (p < 0.05), 26 % (p < 0.05), and 50 % (p < 0.05) at 10, 25, and 50 μM, respectively. Fig. 3 Kinsenoside inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. a BMs were cultured with the indicated dose of kinsenoside

in the presence of M-CSF and RANKL. After 9 days, cells were fixed and stained with TRAP. Multinucleated osteoclasts were counted. b RAW 246.7 cells Branched chain aminotransferase were cultured with the indicated dose of kinsenoside in the presence of RANKL. After 5 days, cells were fixed and stained with TRAP. Multinucleated osteoclasts were counted. c Kinsenoside inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis at an early stage. The TRAP stains of osteoclasts were treated with kinsenoside (50 μm) at the same time or after indicated time periods. Cells were cultured for 5 days after RANKL treatment and stained for TRAP expression. Multinucleated osteoclasts were counted. The quantitative data are shown in d. e RAW 246.7 cells plated on BD BioCoat™ Osteologic™ and incubated with different concentrations of kinsenoside in the presence of RANKL (50 ng/ml) for 7 days.