For each sample, the expression of each gene was normalized to housekeeping gene 36B4 (sense 5′-AAT CCT GAG CGA TGT GCA G-3′, antisense 3′-GTC GCC ATT GTC AAA CAC C-5′) expression using the 2−ΔΔCt method. The results were normalized by fold changes relative to the C–SAL group. BALF analysis was performed in the remaining 42 animals (n = 7/each). A polyethylene cannula was inserted into the trachea

and a total volume of 1.5 mL of buffered saline (PBS) containing 10 mM EDTA was instilled and aspirated three NVP-BGJ398 ic50 times. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and KC (murine analog of IL-8) in BALF were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in accordance with manufacturer instructions (Duo Set, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Data were tested for normal distribution (by

means of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov Ion Channel Ligand Library test with Lilliefors’ correction) and homogeneity of variances (by Levene’s median test). Parametric data are expressed as mean (SEM), whereas non-parametric data are expressed as median (interquartile range). Differences among the study groups were assessed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni’s correction. All tests were performed in the GraphPad Prism v5.00 software environment (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). The significance Selleckchem Forskolin level was set at P < 0.05. Static lung elastance (Est,L) was higher in the CLP–SAL group (58%) than in C–SAL animals (Fig. 1). In the CLP groups, both treatments (DEXA and OA) reduced Est,L (Fig. 1, P < 0.001). Neutrophil

infiltration, alveolar collapse and interstitial edema were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in CLP–SAL compared to C–SAL ( Table 1 and Fig. 2). In the CLP groups, DEXA and OA reduced alveolar collapse and the number of neutrophils in lung tissue as compared with CLP–SAL ( Table 1). CLP–OA animals had fewer macrophages in lung tissue than CLP–SAL (P < 0.01) and CLP–DEXA (P < 0.05) ( Table 1). Consequently, the total cell count was higher in the CLP–SAL group than in C–SAL, CLP–OA, and CLP–DEXA ( Table 1). Lung, kidney, liver and small intestine villus cell apoptosis was greater in CLP–SAL than in C–SAL animals (Table 2). OA and DEXA significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells in the lung, liver, and kidney, with no significant changes in small intestine villi. No differences among groups were observed regarding Nrf2, GPx and CAT mRNA expression (Fig. 3). There was a significant reduction in iNOS expression between CLP–DEXA and CLP–OA (P < 0.05) ( Fig. 3); however, no significant changes were observed between CLP–SAL vs. CLP–DEXA, and CLP–SAL vs. CLP–OA. OA increased the expression of SOD ( Fig. 3) compared to CLP–DEXA (P < 0.05).