In this paper, we report the mechanism of frequent pulsejet injections into a viscoelastic biological material; namely, simulated gelatin brain tissue. The mechanism is evaluated by the injection depth, an easily measured parameter. To explain the injection mechanism, we propose that the pulsejet is pressured by forces introduced by resistance on the side surface of the hole and the reaction force proportionate to the injection depth. The pulsejet generated and propagated cracks in the gelatin, and the resistance eventually fractured the side surface of the hole. We evaluated the proposed model by measuring the behavior of pulsejets

injected into gelatin by the LILJ. From the results, the following conclusions were obtained. First, the proposed model accurately SNS-032 mouse describes the behavior of the injected pulsejet. Second, whether the hole

or crack growth largely increases the final injection depth can be evaluated from differences in the decay constant. Finally, crack growth increases the final injection depth when the number of Selleck BI 2536 the injected pulsejets is greater than the inverse of the decay constant. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.”
“Many summary statistics currently used in population genetics and in phylogenetics depend only on a rather coarse resolution of the underlying tree (the number of extant lineages, for example). Hence, for computational purposes, working directly on these resolutions appears to be much more efficient. However, this approach seems to have been overlooked in the past. In this paper, we describe six different resolutions of the Kingman-Tajima GSK923295 Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor coalescent together with the corresponding Markov chains, which are essential for inference methods. Two of the resolutions are the well-known -coalescent and the lineage death process due to Kingman. Two other resolutions were mentioned by Kingman and Tajima, but never

explicitly formalized. Another two resolutions are novel, and complete the picture of a multi-resolution coalescent. For all of them, we provide the forward and backward transition probabilities, the probability of visiting a given state as well as the probability of a given realization of the full Markov chain. We also provide a description of the state-space that highlights the computational gain obtained by working with lower-resolution objects. Finally, we give several examples of summary statistics that depend on a coarser resolution of Kingman’s coalescent, on which simulations are usually based.”
“The genome of the non-blood-feeding glossiphoniid leech Helobdella robusta was screened for leech antiplatelet protein (LAPP), an anticoagulant that specifically inhibits collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation. Previously identified LAPP sequences from Haementeria officinalis were used as queries against the predicted genes in the genome, employing a variety of BLAST protocols.