The individual results for all 9 values have been used to calculate means and 95% confidence limits. pH experiments For these experiments, 3 sets of RO water samples were prepared and pH levels were adjusted using diluted NaOH and HCl to achieve pH conditions of 5, 7 and 9. Each day, 3 batches of experiments were performed with 3 different pH conditions under full sunlight at 4.8

L h-1 flow rate. To investigate the extent of pH levels LY2874455 mouse for survival of A. hydrophila another experiment was performed in dark with the pH conditions of 5, 7 and 9. RO samples with pH levels 5, 7 and 9 were prepared with similar initial counts of A. hydrophila to those of photocatalytic experiments and these were then kept in darkness for 9 hours, with sampling at 0 min and 9 hour. Each sample was serially diluted and enumerated. Salinity experiments For these experiments, reverse osmosis (RO) treated water was used so that no additional salts would be present. Three sets of water samples were used for the salinity experiments. (1) RO water containing 3.50% w/v NaCl

(2) RO water containing 3.50% w/v sea salt Sea salt (AnalaR, chemicals Ltd, BDH, UK) and (3) RO water with 0% added salt (control) were prepared and autoclaved Geneticin before use. A conductivity meter (Thermo Orion 4 star, Thermo-fisher Pty. Ltd, Victoria, Australia) was used to measure saline conductivity in μS/cm. Water turbidity experiments A kaolin suspension was prepared according PDK4 to Wilson and Andrew [32]. Ten grams of kaolin powder (Thermo-Fisher Scientific, Australia)

was added to 2 L of RO water, stirred for 1 h and kept overnight to settle. Then the supernatant containing any dissolved contaminants was discarded and the remaining portion was diluted into a 10 L volume of RO water. The turbidity measurement of the resulting suspension was 810 NTU. Different volumes of this kaolin suspension were taken and added to RO water to produce water with turbidity of 0, 23, 58 and 108 NTU, which were then autoclaved before use. Each day 4 sets of these different turbid waters were used to find the AG-881 manufacturer effect of different turbidity levels on inactivation of A. hydrophila. Experiments were repeated 3 times on 3 different days. Humic acid experiments In order to an prepare experimental solution of RO water with humic acid, a stock solution was prepared with a mixture of 500 mg of technical grade humic acid, sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and 50 mL ethanol (100%). As up to 10 mg L-1 humic acids are present in surface waters [33], the test concentration of humic acid required for each experiment was selected as 10 mg L-1. Consequently, 6 mL of stock solution was added to 5994 mL of RO water for each experiment. For control experiments 6 mL of 100% ethanol was added to 5994 mL of RO water. Each water sample was autoclaved before use. Each experiment was repeated 3 times on 3 different days. Aquaculture pond water experiments Two sets of pond water (filtered and unfiltered) were used for experiments.