10 Autoimmunity was an emerging and exciting frontier. The concept of Burnet that autoreactive cells could escape into the peripheral circulation as “forbidden clones”11-13 heralded an era of disease discovery and understanding, and autoimmune hepatitis was a product of this surge. Autoimmunity, however, was still a vague pathogenic mechanism; it was not an etiologic agent like a virus or a drug; and it

could not be measured in the clinic. The evolving requisites for autoimmunity, especially the requirement for the transfer of disease by antibodies or lymphocytes, were restrictive,14,15 and “autoimmune” vied with “idiopathic” as an apt descriptor for the this website fledgling condition. The wobbly legs of autoimmune hepatitis would persist for at least 2 decades. Systemic lupus erythematosus almost swallowed it16 and drug-induced17 and virus-related18,19 conditions repeatedly threatened its PKC412 legitimacy. The goals of this review are to illustrate the dynamics of successful clinical investigation in liver disease and to underscore the vital role of the clinician nonscientist in starting and completing the circle of care from bedside-to-bench-to-bedside. Autoimmune hepatitis will be the “illustrative model” by which to accomplish these goals, and I will be the typical “clinician nonscientist.” The script can be applied broadly and accommodate any

substitute model or actor. The principal components of this tutorial are indicated below, and they rely heavily of good fortune, good mentoring, appropriate goal identification, adherence to protocol, compulsive record keeping, personal resilience, and strong collaborations. CALD, chronic active liver disease; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; IAIHG, International Autoimmune Hepatitis 上海皓元 Group; MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease. From 1969 to 1972, I had the good fortune to interact with academic clinicians who had a keen interest in

the study of liver disease (Table 1). At the Philadelphia General Hospital, Geobel Marin advocated the principles of controlled clinical trial and “double-blinded” investigation as the bases for new knowledge in clinical medicine, and my first article comparing peritoneoscopy with unguided needle biopsy of the liver illustrated some of these principles.20 At the University of Pennsylvania, Roger Soloway had just returned from a fellowship at the Mayo Clinic, and he presented wonderful data derived from a now classic controlled clinical trial that described the natural history and treatment of “chronic active liver disease”.21 My commitment to the study of liver disease was established through these contacts in Philadelphia as was my desire to train at the Mayo Clinic. Fortunately, Bill Summerskill agreed to accommodate this desire. The military draft interrupted my transition to Mayo, but my assignment to the U.S.

The following demographic information were collected for all eligible CHC participants and controls: age at the time of examination, sex, ethnicity (Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, or Other, the latter of which included Aleut,

Eskimo, American Indian, Asian, cAMP inhibitor or Pacific Islander), marital status, history of being in military service, citizenship status, being college graduate, household income (calculated as the ratio to the Federal Poverty Level; ratios above 5.0 were not specifically reported). Possible comorbidities that may affect treatment eligibility for CHC subjects were assessed using the questionnaires completed by NHANES participants. The list of studied medical conditions included history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes,

asthma, arthritis, and ischemic heart disease (which included history of coronary artery disease, angina, or heart attack), congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (which included AZD2014 purchase chronic bronchitis or emphysema), stroke, kidney failure and history of dialysis in the past 12 months, and history of any cancer. The presence of depression was ascertained using the PHQ-9 questionnaire15: a score 15 or above corresponded to a diagnosis of depression, and a score of 20 or above corresponded to severe depression. Additionally, the Alcohol Use and Drug Use questionnaires were used to collect the history of substance abuse. For the purpose of the study, alcohol use was defined as consumption of ≥20 g alcohol per day during the 12 months prior the survey, and history of drug use was reported as lifetime history of marijuana or hashish use and lifetime history of cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine. In addition, smoking history was collected using Smoking questionnaire: a participant was classified as having history of smoking if he/she reported current smoking

or having 100 or more cigarettes during their lifetime. The health insurance status of the CHC subjects and controls was studied using the NHANES Health Insurance Questionnaire. Only subjects who completed that questionnaire were included in the study. The questionnaire provides interview data on insurance coverage, type of insurance, and coverage of prescription drugs. The following types of medchemexpress insurance were included in the questionnaire: private insurance, Medicare, Medi-Gap, Medicaid, SCHIP, military (Tricare, VA, or Champ-VA), Indian Health Service, state-sponsored health plan, government insurance, or single service plan. Some individuals might have had two or more types of coverage. For the purpose of the study, two major types of coverage were considered separately: subjects with any private insurance or any military/state/government coverage were included in insurance group 1, whereas those with Medicare/Medicaid coverage were included in insurance group 2.

The following demographic information were collected for all eligible CHC participants and controls: age at the time of examination, sex, ethnicity (Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, or Other, the latter of which included Aleut,

Eskimo, American Indian, Asian, CP-673451 mw or Pacific Islander), marital status, history of being in military service, citizenship status, being college graduate, household income (calculated as the ratio to the Federal Poverty Level; ratios above 5.0 were not specifically reported). Possible comorbidities that may affect treatment eligibility for CHC subjects were assessed using the questionnaires completed by NHANES participants. The list of studied medical conditions included history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes,

asthma, arthritis, and ischemic heart disease (which included history of coronary artery disease, angina, or heart attack), congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (which included NVP-BGJ398 chronic bronchitis or emphysema), stroke, kidney failure and history of dialysis in the past 12 months, and history of any cancer. The presence of depression was ascertained using the PHQ-9 questionnaire15: a score 15 or above corresponded to a diagnosis of depression, and a score of 20 or above corresponded to severe depression. Additionally, the Alcohol Use and Drug Use questionnaires were used to collect the history of substance abuse. For the purpose of the study, alcohol use was defined as consumption of ≥20 g alcohol per day during the 12 months prior the survey, and history of drug use was reported as lifetime history of marijuana or hashish use and lifetime history of cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine. In addition, smoking history was collected using Smoking questionnaire: a participant was classified as having history of smoking if he/she reported current smoking

or having 100 or more cigarettes during their lifetime. The health insurance status of the CHC subjects and controls was studied using the NHANES Health Insurance Questionnaire. Only subjects who completed that questionnaire were included in the study. The questionnaire provides interview data on insurance coverage, type of insurance, and coverage of prescription drugs. The following types of 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 insurance were included in the questionnaire: private insurance, Medicare, Medi-Gap, Medicaid, SCHIP, military (Tricare, VA, or Champ-VA), Indian Health Service, state-sponsored health plan, government insurance, or single service plan. Some individuals might have had two or more types of coverage. For the purpose of the study, two major types of coverage were considered separately: subjects with any private insurance or any military/state/government coverage were included in insurance group 1, whereas those with Medicare/Medicaid coverage were included in insurance group 2.

In order to further decrease the risk of bias, the multivariate analyses were corrected for multiple variables that could potentially impact survival. To illustrate, the opposite results linked to sirolimus between selleck the HCC and non-HCC groups could have been linked to differences in the indications for the use of the drug. The use of sirolimus was linked to the presence of HCC in one group, and may have been used to spare the use of CNIs in the other group, especially in patients with renal dysfunction. Although the risk of bias was decreased by the integration of pretransplant MELD in the analysis, we could not completely rule out differences in

posttransplant kidney function between groups. According to the present study, sirolimus-based immunosuppression is associated with improved patient survival after liver transplantation for HCC. Anti-CD25 antibody induction demonstrates a similar effect in patients transplanted Ipatasertib clinical trial for HCC and non-HCC diagnoses. We believe that these data will help in the transplant management of HCC patients, integrating a balanced selection of candidates with expected good outcomes and a posttransplant adjuvant treatment including appropriate and effective immunosuppression with anticancer properties.

The data reported here were supplied by the Arbor Research Collaborative for Health (Arbor Research) as the 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 contractor for the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR).

The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy of or interpretation by the SRTR or the U.S. Government. C.T. had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. “
“Background and Aim:  To assess the significance of adequate α-fetoprotein decrease in monitoring the treatment effects of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods:  A total of 72 RFA treatments in 54 HCC patients were analyzed. The favorable α-fetoprotein decrease was defined as the α-fetoprotein half-life of less than 7 days. The efficacy of the ablation response is assessed by standard imaging modality, a computed tomography scan 1 month after RFA. We assessed the correlation between different α-fetoprotein decreases and treatment outcomes by standard imaging modality. Results:  Of the 72 therapies, 15 (21%) were favorable α-fetoprotein decreases. Fifty-one (71%) therapies showed concordant results through standard image modality and α-fetoprotein decrease, including 14 (27%) therapies with a complete radiological response and favorable α-fetoprotein decrease, and the remaining 37 (73%) therapies with an incomplete radiological response and unfavorable α-fetoprotein decrease. The accuracy was 70.

In order to further decrease the risk of bias, the multivariate analyses were corrected for multiple variables that could potentially impact survival. To illustrate, the opposite results linked to sirolimus between PI3K Inhibitor Library supplier the HCC and non-HCC groups could have been linked to differences in the indications for the use of the drug. The use of sirolimus was linked to the presence of HCC in one group, and may have been used to spare the use of CNIs in the other group, especially in patients with renal dysfunction. Although the risk of bias was decreased by the integration of pretransplant MELD in the analysis, we could not completely rule out differences in

posttransplant kidney function between groups. According to the present study, sirolimus-based immunosuppression is associated with improved patient survival after liver transplantation for HCC. Anti-CD25 antibody induction demonstrates a similar effect in patients transplanted Cobimetinib for HCC and non-HCC diagnoses. We believe that these data will help in the transplant management of HCC patients, integrating a balanced selection of candidates with expected good outcomes and a posttransplant adjuvant treatment including appropriate and effective immunosuppression with anticancer properties.

The data reported here were supplied by the Arbor Research Collaborative for Health (Arbor Research) as the medchemexpress contractor for the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR).

The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy of or interpretation by the SRTR or the U.S. Government. C.T. had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. “
“Background and Aim:  To assess the significance of adequate α-fetoprotein decrease in monitoring the treatment effects of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods:  A total of 72 RFA treatments in 54 HCC patients were analyzed. The favorable α-fetoprotein decrease was defined as the α-fetoprotein half-life of less than 7 days. The efficacy of the ablation response is assessed by standard imaging modality, a computed tomography scan 1 month after RFA. We assessed the correlation between different α-fetoprotein decreases and treatment outcomes by standard imaging modality. Results:  Of the 72 therapies, 15 (21%) were favorable α-fetoprotein decreases. Fifty-one (71%) therapies showed concordant results through standard image modality and α-fetoprotein decrease, including 14 (27%) therapies with a complete radiological response and favorable α-fetoprotein decrease, and the remaining 37 (73%) therapies with an incomplete radiological response and unfavorable α-fetoprotein decrease. The accuracy was 70.

The stimulant laxative (sodium picosulphate, SPS) is also effective clearing the bowel in 81% [2] and is a liquid easily taken by children. PEG and a stimulant are commonly combined for cleansing the colon for colonoscopy [3]. Aim: this website determine how much stool is produced by combined PEG and SPS in patients with palpable fecaloma requiring disimpaction. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 17 participants (8 males and 9 females, Mean age 9.1 ± 1.0 yrs, range 4–17 yrs) recruited from the a tertiary teaching

hospital. Inclusion criteria: 2 years chronic constipation, palpable fecaloma on presentation confirmed by presence of enlarged stool-filled rectum on x-ray. Participants were taught to fill in a daily CP 868596 diary recording stool volume produced and laxative dose taken. Laxatives were given according to a predetermined dosage regimen taking high concentrations (4–8 sachets) of Movicol (PEG + electrolytes) on day 1 and 2. Each sachet of Movicol contained 14.7 g of PEG plus electrolytes and was made up

with 125 ml water per sachet plus an equal volume of juice or milk and 10–20 drops of SPS (Dulcolax SP) was added. Patients drank 125–250 ml per half hour using a fun approach (MOTIVATE). They continued to take 1 sachet of Movicol plus 10 drops of SPS for 14 days. Three subjects were excluded from analysis due to lack of data. Results: Over day 2–4, all subjects produced between 0.5 to 4.0 liters of stool (over the first 4 days). They continued to produce at least 250 ml of stool per day in the following 2 weeks (table 1). Mean total stool produced over 14 days was 4.2 ± 0.6 L. The subject’s

age and total stool volume produced by Day 4, 7 and 14 were fitted to linear regressions. MCE There was little relationship between age and stool volume at Day 4 (r2 = 0.43, Gradient = 0.2), Day 7 (r2 = 0.40, Gradient = 0.27) and Day 14 (r2 = 0.30, Gradient = 0.36). Children were easily able to drink the large volume of PEG solution using the MOTIVATE method. Table 1 Number of patients and total stool volume produced Total Stool (L) 0.5–2.5 2.5–4.5 4.5–6.5 6.5–8.5 8.5–10.5 Day 1–4 12 (86%) 2 (14%) – – – Day 1–7 8 (57%) 5 (36%) 1 (7%) – – Day 1–14 5 (36%) 3 (21%) 4 (29%) 1 (7%) 1 (7%) Conclusion: For disimpaction in children with a palpable fecaloma and rectal enlargement, combined polyethylene glycol and sodium picosulphate given at high dose on day 1 and 2 are effective in producing large volumes of stool. The MOTIVATE method provided a fun way to drink the large volume of osmotic and stimulant laxatives and a successful and well tolerated method of disimpaction in children with chronic constipation and large solid stools in the rectum. 1. Candy, DC, et al, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2006. 43:65–70. 2. Atkin, WS, et al, BMJ, 2000. 320:1504–1508. 3.

The stimulant laxative (sodium picosulphate, SPS) is also effective clearing the bowel in 81% [2] and is a liquid easily taken by children. PEG and a stimulant are commonly combined for cleansing the colon for colonoscopy [3]. Aim: find more determine how much stool is produced by combined PEG and SPS in patients with palpable fecaloma requiring disimpaction. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 17 participants (8 males and 9 females, Mean age 9.1 ± 1.0 yrs, range 4–17 yrs) recruited from the a tertiary teaching

hospital. Inclusion criteria: 2 years chronic constipation, palpable fecaloma on presentation confirmed by presence of enlarged stool-filled rectum on x-ray. Participants were taught to fill in a daily TGF-beta inhibitor diary recording stool volume produced and laxative dose taken. Laxatives were given according to a predetermined dosage regimen taking high concentrations (4–8 sachets) of Movicol (PEG + electrolytes) on day 1 and 2. Each sachet of Movicol contained 14.7 g of PEG plus electrolytes and was made up

with 125 ml water per sachet plus an equal volume of juice or milk and 10–20 drops of SPS (Dulcolax SP) was added. Patients drank 125–250 ml per half hour using a fun approach (MOTIVATE). They continued to take 1 sachet of Movicol plus 10 drops of SPS for 14 days. Three subjects were excluded from analysis due to lack of data. Results: Over day 2–4, all subjects produced between 0.5 to 4.0 liters of stool (over the first 4 days). They continued to produce at least 250 ml of stool per day in the following 2 weeks (table 1). Mean total stool produced over 14 days was 4.2 ± 0.6 L. The subject’s

age and total stool volume produced by Day 4, 7 and 14 were fitted to linear regressions. medchemexpress There was little relationship between age and stool volume at Day 4 (r2 = 0.43, Gradient = 0.2), Day 7 (r2 = 0.40, Gradient = 0.27) and Day 14 (r2 = 0.30, Gradient = 0.36). Children were easily able to drink the large volume of PEG solution using the MOTIVATE method. Table 1 Number of patients and total stool volume produced Total Stool (L) 0.5–2.5 2.5–4.5 4.5–6.5 6.5–8.5 8.5–10.5 Day 1–4 12 (86%) 2 (14%) – – – Day 1–7 8 (57%) 5 (36%) 1 (7%) – – Day 1–14 5 (36%) 3 (21%) 4 (29%) 1 (7%) 1 (7%) Conclusion: For disimpaction in children with a palpable fecaloma and rectal enlargement, combined polyethylene glycol and sodium picosulphate given at high dose on day 1 and 2 are effective in producing large volumes of stool. The MOTIVATE method provided a fun way to drink the large volume of osmotic and stimulant laxatives and a successful and well tolerated method of disimpaction in children with chronic constipation and large solid stools in the rectum. 1. Candy, DC, et al, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2006. 43:65–70. 2. Atkin, WS, et al, BMJ, 2000. 320:1504–1508. 3.

Methods: A total of 370 patients with CHD who needed to receive dual anti-platelet therapy of asprin and clopidogral were randomly divided into three groups, including the control Napabucasin group (148 patients), Pan group (100 patient) and Eso group (122 patients). Patients in the control group did not receive any medicine for stomach except for original drug treatment and the other two groups were treated with Eso (20 mg qd) and Pan (40 mg qd) for 6 months. CYP2C19 * 2 genotype were detected before

treatment. P selectin, platelet aggregation were detected before and six months after PPIs therapeutic intervention. The cardiovascular events, gastrointestinal symptoms and bleeding events Microbiology inhibitor were recorded in all patients during the whole process. Results: 316 patients completed

the study, including 133 patients in control group, 80 patients in Pan and 103 patients in Eso group, respectively. Among the 316 patients, the distribution of CYP2C19 * 2 genotype were wild type (105/316, 33.2%), mutation miscellaneous zygote type (165/316, 52.2%) and homozygous mutant type (46/316, 14.6%), respectively. No difference was found of these three CYP2C19 * 2 genotype distribution between the control and the two PPIs groups. In Eso group, the platelet maximum aggregation rate (PMAR) increased significantly in homozygous mutant type subgroup after 6 months treatment (54.6%) as compared with that before treatment (46.6%), but no differences were found in the other two phenotype subgroups before and after intervention. Furthermore, the PMAR in homozygous mutant type subgroup after 6 months intervention were much higher than those in the other two phenotype subgroups, both P < 0.05. But no differences were found in Pan group in all three phenotype subgroups not only before and after treatment, but also parallel compared with the control group after treatment, P > 0.05. Conclusion: There is a closed correlation between CYP2C19 gene phenotype and anti-platelet effect of aspirin

and clopidogrel in patients with coronary heart disease who treated with PPIs. Eso can reduce dual antiplatelet effect MCE公司 in patients with homozygous mutant genotype. Key Word(s): 1. PPIs; 2. clopidogrel; 3. platelet aggregation; 4. cyp2c19; Presenting Author: LIANYING YU Additional Authors: QIYI WANG, WEIHONG SHA Corresponding Author: QIYI WANG Affiliations: guangdong general hospital Objective: The aim of this study was evaluate the effect and mechanisms of different proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) on dual anti-platelet efficacy of aspirin and clopidogrel in rats. Methods: Seventy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into seven groups. Each group contained 10 rats. The rats in blank group received saline for 10ds. Dual anti-platelet therapy including aspirin (Asp) 100 mg/kg/d and clopidogrel (Clo) 75 mg/kg/d for 10ds were given to the rats as control group.

Methods: A total of 370 patients with CHD who needed to receive dual anti-platelet therapy of asprin and clopidogral were randomly divided into three groups, including the control C59 wnt cell line group (148 patients), Pan group (100 patient) and Eso group (122 patients). Patients in the control group did not receive any medicine for stomach except for original drug treatment and the other two groups were treated with Eso (20 mg qd) and Pan (40 mg qd) for 6 months. CYP2C19 * 2 genotype were detected before

treatment. P selectin, platelet aggregation were detected before and six months after PPIs therapeutic intervention. The cardiovascular events, gastrointestinal symptoms and bleeding events SCH772984 clinical trial were recorded in all patients during the whole process. Results: 316 patients completed

the study, including 133 patients in control group, 80 patients in Pan and 103 patients in Eso group, respectively. Among the 316 patients, the distribution of CYP2C19 * 2 genotype were wild type (105/316, 33.2%), mutation miscellaneous zygote type (165/316, 52.2%) and homozygous mutant type (46/316, 14.6%), respectively. No difference was found of these three CYP2C19 * 2 genotype distribution between the control and the two PPIs groups. In Eso group, the platelet maximum aggregation rate (PMAR) increased significantly in homozygous mutant type subgroup after 6 months treatment (54.6%) as compared with that before treatment (46.6%), but no differences were found in the other two phenotype subgroups before and after intervention. Furthermore, the PMAR in homozygous mutant type subgroup after 6 months intervention were much higher than those in the other two phenotype subgroups, both P < 0.05. But no differences were found in Pan group in all three phenotype subgroups not only before and after treatment, but also parallel compared with the control group after treatment, P > 0.05. Conclusion: There is a closed correlation between CYP2C19 gene phenotype and anti-platelet effect of aspirin

and clopidogrel in patients with coronary heart disease who treated with PPIs. Eso can reduce dual antiplatelet effect medchemexpress in patients with homozygous mutant genotype. Key Word(s): 1. PPIs; 2. clopidogrel; 3. platelet aggregation; 4. cyp2c19; Presenting Author: LIANYING YU Additional Authors: QIYI WANG, WEIHONG SHA Corresponding Author: QIYI WANG Affiliations: guangdong general hospital Objective: The aim of this study was evaluate the effect and mechanisms of different proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) on dual anti-platelet efficacy of aspirin and clopidogrel in rats. Methods: Seventy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into seven groups. Each group contained 10 rats. The rats in blank group received saline for 10ds. Dual anti-platelet therapy including aspirin (Asp) 100 mg/kg/d and clopidogrel (Clo) 75 mg/kg/d for 10ds were given to the rats as control group.

Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine for 2 days to reduced the synthesis of endogenous 5-HT diminished the effects of both CRF and soybean oil on gastric emptying. A 5-HT3 receptor agonist m-chlorophenylbiguanide suppressed gastric emptying of both phenol red and glass beads, and those effects were reversed by ramosetron. Conclusions:  These results suggest that CRF and soybean oil suppress

gastric emptying in rats by activating 5-HT3 receptors, and that by antagonizing these receptors, ramosetron may ameliorate symptoms of FD in clinical settings. “
“Aim:  With Ibrutinib clinical trial the recent advances in medical or surgical treatments in chronic hepatic disorders, the indications for splenectomy in hepatic disorders have greatly expanded. We performed splenectomy for cirrhotic patients and investigated the effects of splenectomy on hepatic functional reserve and nutrition metabolism. Methods:  Eighteen patients (Child–Pugh B/C: 12/6; Child–Pugh JNK inhibitor in vivo A: excluded) who underwent splenectomy at our institute between 2005 and 2008 were enrolled. Twelve patients (67%) had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), eight of whom met the Milan criteria. Results:  Overall survival rate was 83.3% at 1 year and 62.7% at 2 years. The survival rate of six patients with liver

cirrhosis classified a Child–Pugh C was 80.0% at 1 year and 60.0% at 2 years. Three patients underwent hepatic resection and nine patients received ablation therapy against hepatocelluar carcinoma. Portal pressure decreased after splenectomy in most patients (mean decrease, 4.7 mmHg). Four weeks after 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 the operation, the markers of hepatic functional reserve, indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min (ICGR15) and Technetium-99m-galactosyl human serum albumin value (99mTc-GSA), improved from 38.5% to 35.1%

and from 0.773 to 0.788 (LHL15), respectively. The non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) did not change in short period after the operation. Other outcomes, including liver function test in cirrhotic patients with long-term (1 year) follow-up after splenectomy (n = 7), did not improve significantly. Post-operative complications included portal thrombus (n = 2), ascites (n = 2) were observed in six patients (33%). Conclusion:  Splenectomy improved hepatic functional reserve and nutritional metabolism in some cases. However, the long-term outcomes should still be evaluated. “
“Hepatic innate immune cells, in particular, interstitial dendritic cells (DCs), regulate inflammatory responses and may promote inherent liver tolerogenicity. After tissue injury, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released and acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern that activates innate immune cells by pattern recognition receptors. CD39 (ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1) rapidly hydrolyzes extracellular ATP to maintain physiological levels. We hypothesized that CD39 expression on liver DCs might contribute to regulation of their innate immune functions.