The presence of tag, however, shifted the temperature of thermal inactivation as well as the thermal denaturation curve towards lower temperatures. Despite somewhat

lower thermal stability, the fusion protein is considered a better candidate for crystallization than the wild-type one due to a more negative value of its second optical virial coefficient. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“A 57-year-old woman reports increasing symptoms of painful paresthesias in both legs for the past 18 months. Physical examination reveals impaired position sense and vibration sense. The serum vitamin B-12 level is 205 pg per milliliter (151.2 pmol selleck chemicals per liter), which is above the lower end of the laboratory reference range. The hemato-crit is 42%, with a mean corpuscular volume of 96 fl. The serum methylmalonic acid level is 3600 nmol per liter (normal level, <400), and the serum homocysteine level 49.1 mu mol per liter (normal level, <14). How should this patient be further evaluated and treated?”
“A unique feature of retroviruses is the packaging of two copies of their genome, noncovalently linked at their 5′ ends. In vitro,

dimerization AZD5153 solubility dmso of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) RNA occurs by interaction of a self-complementary sequence exposed in the loop of stem-loop 1 (SL-1), also termed the dimer initiation Farnesyltransferase site (DIS). However, in virions, HIV-2 genome dimerization does not depend on the DIS. Instead, a palindrome located within the packaging signal (Psi) is the essential motif for genome dimerization. We reported previously that a mutation within Psi decreasing genome dimerization and packaging also resulted in a reduced proportion of mature particles (A. L’Hernault, J. S. Greatorex, R. A. Crowther, and A. M. Lever, Retrovirology 4:90, 2007). In this study, we investigated

further the relationship between HIV-2 genome dimerization, particle maturation, and infectivity by using a series of targeted mutations in SL-1. Our results show that disruption of a purine-rich ((392)-GGAG-(395)) motif within Psi causes a severe reduction in genome dimerization and a replication defect. Maintaining the extended SL-1 structure in combination with the (392)-GGAG-(395) motif enhanced packaging. Unlike that of HIV-1, which can replicate despite mutation of the DIS, HIV-2 replication depends critically on genome dimerization rather than just packaging efficiency. Gag processing was altered in the HIV-2 dimerization mutants, resulting in the accumulation of the MA-CA-p2 processing intermediate and suggesting a link between genome dimerization and particle assembly. Analysis of revertant SL-1 mutant viruses revealed that a compensatory mutation in matrix (70TI) could rescue viral replication and partially restore genome dimerization and Gag processing.

The results of SPECT imaging under exactly identical conditions were analyzed by 3DSRT, which enables us to perform a very

objective assessment.

Results Despite a decrease of the MMSE score from 20.9 +/- 4.7 to 18.7 +/- 5.7, CBF was increased in almost all cerebral areas except the left temporal segment. The increase was statistically significant in the left callosomarginal, right central, and bilateral pericallosal and lenticular nucleus segments.

Conclusion Thus far, no direct cerebrovascular effects have been reported for donepezil. We hypothesize that these CBF-promoting effects of donepezil might be related to increased neuronal activity and enhanced connection of neurons.”
“Genomic polymorphism of VE-821 chemical structure human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) leads to difficulties in the design of molecular diagnostic systems; therefore, a suitable target region was determined in the glycoprotein H (gH) www.selleckchem.com/products/lb-100.html gene, which has been reported to be the most conserved gene. A highly conserved region was identified from codon 1282 to 1988 of the gH gene by alignment of 23 nucleotide sequences (14 registered in the DNA Data Bank of Japan and 9 sequenced in this laboratory). Diagnostic methods based on nested PCR, real-time PCR and loop-mediated isothermal temperature amplification (LAMP)

were designed for this region. Primers and a probe for nested and real-time PCR were designed for the completely conserved sequences in all HCMV strains. However, a few mismatched

nucleotides could not be excluded from the LAMP primers due to the need for eight primer-binding sites in a 200 bp-region. The sensitivities of the nested PCR, real-time PCR and LAMP reactions were 5, 10 and 100 copies/tube, respectively. An analysis of clinical specimens showed that both nested and real-time PCR detected HCMV with greater sensitivity than did a pp65 antigenemia assay and were expected to minimize the incidence of false-negative results, whereas the sensitivity of the LAMP reaction was comparable with that of the antigenemia assay. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Introduction We sought to quantify perfusion changes associated to acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) by means of computed tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging.

Materials and methods We studied 89 patients with supratentorial to SICH at admission CT by using CTP scanning obtained within 24 h after symptom onset. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and mean transit time (rMTT) levels were measured in four different regions of interest manually outlined on CT scan: (1) hemorrhagic core; (2) perihematomal low-density area; (3) 1 cm rim of normal-appearing brain tissue surrounding the perilesional area; and (4) a mirrored area, including the clot and the perihematomal region, located in the non-lesioned contralateral hemisphere.

This is consistent with previous studies showing that IFNAR-mediated protection is redundant for mucosal influenza virus infection and with data showing that the type III IFN receptor is expressed primarily by epithelial cells. However, the overlapping effects of these two cytokine families are limited by their differential receptor expression, with a requirement for IFN-alpha/beta signaling in combating systemic disease.”
“It is well known that hippocampus plays important roles in learning and memory. Both calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP) and CGRP receptors are found in

hippocampus. In the present study we explored the influence of CGRP on long term potentiation (LIP) in hippocampal Schaffer collateral-CA1. Our results demonstrated that CGRP inhibited the LIP induced by high frequency stimulation (HES) in hippocampal CA1 neurons in rat brain slices. The inhibitory effect was blocked by CGRP receptor-1 antagonist CGRP Talazoparib ic50 8-37. The results indicate that both YAP-TEAD Inhibitor 1 in vivo CGRP and CGRP receptor 1 are involved in the modulation process of LTP in hippocampus of rats. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Pestiviruses are pathogens of cloven-hoofed animals, belonging to the Flaviviridae. The pestiviral particle consists of a lipid membrane containing the three envelope

glycoproteins E(rns), E1, and E2 and a nucleocapsid of unknown symmetry, which is composed of the Core protein and the viral positive-sense RNA genome. The positively charged pestiviral Core protein consists of 86 to 89 amino acids. To analyze the organization of essential domains, N- and C-terminal truncations, as well as internal deletions, were introduced buy OTX015 into the Core coding sequence in the context of an infectious cDNA clone of classical swine fever virus strain Alfort. Amino acids 179 to 180, 194 to 198, and 208 to 212 proved to be

of special importance for the generation of progeny virus. The results of transcomplementation of a series of C-terminally truncated Core molecules indicate the importance of Ala(255) at the C terminus. The plasticity of Core protein was examined by the construction of concatemeric arrays of Core coding regions and the insertion of up to three yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) genes between two Core genes. Even a Core fusion protein with more than 10-fold-increased molecular mass was integrated into the viral particle and supported the production of infectious progeny virus. The unexpected plasticity of Core protein brings into question the formation of a regular icosahedric particle and supports the idea of a histone-like protein-RNA interaction. All viruses with a duplicated Core gene were unstable and reverted to the wild-type sequence. Interestingly, a nonviable YFP-Core construct was rescued by a mutation within the C-terminal domain of the nonstructural protein NS3.

The local antinociceptive effect of R(+)-UH-301 (0.3 mu g/paw) was significantly reduced by WAY-100635 (30-100 mu g/paw; a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist). Moreover, the antagonists GR55562

Verubecestat (30-100 mu g/paw; 5-HT1B/D) or SB224289 (30-100 mu g/paw; 5-HT1B) dose-dependently reduced the antinociceptive effect of CGS-12066A (0.3 mu g/paw) whereas GR55562 (30-100 mu g/paw) or BRL15572 (30-100 mu g/paw, 5-HT1D) reduced the antinociceptive effect of GR46611 (0.3 mu g/paw). Interestingly, the effects of BRL54443 and LY344864 (300 mu g/paw each) were partially reduced by methiothepin, but not by the highest doses of WAY-100635, SB224289 or BRL15572. The above antagonists did not produce any effect by themselves. These results suggest that peripheral activation of the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1F and, probably, 5-HT1E receptor subtypes leads to antinociception in the rat formalin test. Thus, the use of selective 5-HT1 receptor agonists could be a therapeutic strategy to reduce

inflammatory Entinostat pain. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“An epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies to influenza A virus in taxonomically diverse domestic and wild vertebrate species. In contrast to the bELISAs published previously that require reagent production, manipulation by the end-user, or have not been evaluated for use with both mammalian and avian species, this assay Sclareol is performed using commercially available recombinant nucleoprotein antigen and corresponding nucleoprotein-specific monoclonal antibody and has been shown to work with multiple avian and mammalian species. The efficacy of the bELISA as a serum screening assay was compared to the agar gel immunodiffusion

(AGID) assay using 251 serum samples obtained from experimentally infected mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and raccoons (Procyon lotor). The concordance between the AGID assay and bELISA was 94.1% (95% Cl = 89.9. 98.3) for raccoons, and 71.2% (95% Cl = 63.5, 78.9) for mallards and 82.8% (95% Cl = 78.2, 87.3) overall. The bELISA was more sensitive than the AGID assay as demonstrated by the detection of antibodies to influenza A virus at earlier time points in experimental infection studies and at higher serial dilutions. The efficacy of the bELISA to monitor natural influenza A virus exposure was also compared to the AGID assay using an additional 745 serum samples from six avian species and six mammalian species. This bELISA provides a rapid, reliable, and inexpensive technique for large-scale surveillance of influenza A virus exposure in taxonomically diverse vertebrate species. Published by Elsevier B.V.”
“Morphine-3-glucoronide (M3G) is a major morphine metabolite detected in cerebrospinal fluid of humans receiving systemic morphine. M3G has little-to-no affinity for opioid receptors and induces pain by unknown mechanisms.

The semantic representations that are learned are based on statistical structures that exist both within and between the experiential and distributional data types.”
“Interest in the development of nitric oxide (NO) based therapeutics has grown exponentially due to its well elucidated and established biological functions. In line with this surge, S-nitroso thiol

(RSNO) therapeutics are also receiving more attention in recent years both as potential stable sources of NO as well as for their ability to serve as S-nitrosating Bafilomycin A1 ic50 agents: S-nitrosation of protein thiols is implicated in many physiological processes. We describe two hydrogel based RSNO containing

nanoparticle PCI-32765 platforms. In one platform the SNO groups are covalently attached to the particles (SNO-np) and the other contains S-nitroso-N-acetyl cysteine encapsulated within the particles (NAC-SNO-np). Both platforms function as vehicles for sustained activity as trans-S-nitrosating agents. NAC-SNO-np exhibited higher efficiency for generating GSNO from GSH and maintained higher levels of GSNO concentration for longer time (24 h) as compared to SNO-np as well as a previously characterized nitric oxide releasing platform, NO-np (nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles). In vivo, intravenous infusion of the NAC-SNO-np and NO-np resulted in sustained decreases in mean arterial pressure, though

NAC-SNO-np induced longer vasodilatory effects as compared to the NO-np. Serum chemistries following infusion demonstrated this website no toxicity in both treatment groups. Together, these data suggest that the NAC-SNO-np represents a novel means to both study the biologic effects of nitrosothiols and effectively capitalize on its therapeutic potential. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“Background Effective glycoconjugate vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y have been developed, but serogroup B remains a major cause of severe invasive disease in infants and adolescents worldwide. We assessed immunogenicity and tolerability of a four-component vaccine (4CMenB) in adolescents.

Methods We did a randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, study at 12 sites in Santiago and Valparaiso, Chile. Adolescents aged 11-17 years received one, two, or three doses of 4CMenB at 1 month, 2 month, or 6 month intervals. Immunogenicity was assessed as serum bactericidal activity using human complement (hSBA) against three reference strains for individual vaccine antigens, and assessed by ELISA against the fourth strain. Local and systemic reactions were recorded 7 days after each vaccination, and adverse events were monitored throughout the study.

All these findings support the neuroprotective role of (MeOPhSe)(2) in a mice model of SDAT induced by i.c.v. STZ. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Previous work has demonstrated post-retrieval impairment in associative learning paradigms, including those mediated

by drugs of abuse, GSK126 solubility dmso using nonspecific beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) antagonists. Remarkably little is known about the role of the specific beta-AR subtypes, or other adrenergic receptors, in these effects. The current study examined the effects of beta(1) and beta(2), as well as alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor antagonism following retrieval of a cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). We found that rats administered the beta(2) antagonist ICI 118,551 (8 mg/kg intraperitoneal [IP]) or the alpha(1) antagonist prazosin (1 mg/kg IP) following a drug-free test for CPP showed attenuated preference during a subsequent test, while

the beta(1) antagonist betaxolol (5 or 10 mg/kg IP) and a lower dose of prazosin (0.3 mg/kg IP) had no effect. Pexidartinib nmr Furthermore, post-test microinfusion of ICI 118,551 (6 nmol/side) or prazosin (0.5 nmol/side) into the basolateral amygdala (BLA) also impaired a subsequent preference. Systemic or intra-BLA ICI 118,551 or prazosin administered to rats in their home cages, in the absence of a preference test, had no effect on CPP 24 h later. ICI 118,551 also attenuated the FOS response in the BLA induced by the CPP test. These results are the first to demonstrate a role for alpha(1)- and beta(2)-specific adrenergic mechanisms in post-retrieval memory processes. These systemic and site-specific injections, as well as the FOS immunohistochemical analyses, implicate the importance of specific noradrenergic signaling mechanisms within the BLA in post-retrieval plasticity.”
“The transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is a non-selective Selleck JIB04 ligand-gated cationic channel. The distribution

of TRPV1 mRNA in various regions of the brain has been successfully established. Methamphetamine (MAP) is a psychostimulant and a major drug of abuse in many parts of the world. The powerful rewarding properties of MAP are attributed to multiple pharmacological actions, but the mechanistic association between TRPV1 expression and MAP-induced drug addiction has not established. In the present study, we conducted a time-course analysis of TRPV1 mRNA levels in the frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus of mouse brain following repeated MAP (2 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment. Our results demonstrate that expression of TRPV1 mRNA is significantly increased 1, 2, 6, 24, 48 h, and 1 week after the last MAP treatment in the frontal cortex but not in the striatum or hippocampus. These data support a potential role for TRPV1 in the treatment of MAP-induced drug addiction. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Site-specific conjugation of Df-Chx-Mal to thio-trastuzumab was complete within 1 h at pH 7.5, while Df-lac and Df-Bac respectively required 2 and 5 h at pH 9.

Each Df modified thio-trastuzumab was chelated with Zr-89 in yields exceeding 75%. Zr-89-Df-Ac-thio-trastuzumab and Zr-89-Df-Chx-Mal-thio-trastuzumab were stable in mouse serum and exhibited comparable PET imaging capabilities in a BT474M1 (HER2-positive) breast cancer U0126 concentration model reaching 20-25 %ID/g of tumor uptake and a tumor to blood ratio of 6.1-7.1.

Conclusions: The new reagents demonstrated good reactivity with engineered thiol groups of trastuzumab and very good chelation properties with 89Zr. The site-specifically Zr-89-labeled thio-antibodies were stable in serum and showed PET imaging properties comparable to lysine conjugates. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The stability of 6 reference genes, 18S, beta-actin, RPS20, eEF1 alpha, G6PDH and BMS-754807 chemical structure GAPDH, was examined in tissues from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Chinook salmon embryo cells (CHSE-214). The main objective of this study was to determine the most suitable reference genes for use for the normalisation of data in quantitative real-time RT-qPCR assays conducted on infected tissues. The tissue samples selected for analysis were taken from

head kidney and pylorus and collected at different time points during a challenge experiment with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). The stability of some of the reference genes was also studied in infected CHSE-214 cells. The ranking of the genes examined was carried out using the geNorm program. This program determines the most stable genes from a set of genes tested in a given cDNA sample. The stability of the reference genes varied in different tissues and in the cell line at different stages of infection with IPNV. This study demonstrated that check details tissue-specific combinations of reference

genes must be used to normalise real time data for use for the quantitation of IPNV. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: To evaluate the efficiency of baculovirus vectors in transducing FTC-133 cells and to examine the feasibility of using baculovirus vectors for the delivery of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene as a reporter through co-transduction to monitor the expression of the target gene.

Method: Two recombinant baculoviruses were constructed to express NIS and green fluorescent protein (GFP) respectively. FTC-133, 8050C, SW1116. A549 cells, were infected with Bac-GFP. The infection efficiency of Bac-GFP and the intensity of fluorescence, in either the presence or absence of sodium butyrate, were monitored by flow cytometry. The iodine uptake by FTC-133 cells infected with Bac-NIS was measured using a gamma counter. FTC-133 cells were infected with a mixture of equal amounts of Bac-NIS and Bac-GFP at different setting of multiplicity of infection (MOI).

Results: During cystometry with acetic acid the interval between bladder contractions was shorter and maximum bladder contraction pressure was higher in the control group compared with results obtained using physiological saline but such differences were not seen in the Eviprostat group. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline were lower

in the Eviprostat group than the control group but no difference Entrectinib concentration in blood pressure was observed. Urinary adenosine triphosphate was higher in the 2 groups than before stimulation but the increase was smaller in the Eviprostat group than in the control group.

Conclusions: These results suggest that Eviprostat acts to maintain low catecholamine and also inhibit pathological bladder activity by decreasing adenosine triphosphate release from the bladder.”
“Purpose: We hypothesized that transection of the pubo-urethral ligament in the female rat would cause stress urinary incontinence, as indicated

by decreased leak point pressure. We created a novel model of pubo-urethral ligament deficiency in the rat and validated our model through comparison with an established model of stress urinary incontinence.

Materials and Methods: find more A total of 21 female age matched Sprague-Dawley rats (Harlan, Indianapolis, Indiana) were randomly assigned to 5 groups, including pubo-urethral ligament transection or sham pubo-urethral ligament transection. with leak point pressure measured 4 days (groups 1 and 2) or 10 days (groups 3 and 4) postoperatively and bilateral pudendal nerve transection. with leak point pressure measured 4 days postoperatively (group 5). Leak point pressure was measured in all groups via a suprapubic catheter. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used AZD6738 to evaluate differences between the groups.

Results: Leak point pressure was significantly decreased in the pubo-urethral ligament transection groups compared to that

in the sham treated groups after 4 days (mean +/- SEM 16.3 cm +/- 2.74 vs 36.6 +/- 8.39 cm H2O, p < 0.00001), although it was no different from that in the pudendal nerve transection group (14.5 +/- 1.06 cm H2O, p < 0.44). Ten days after surgery leak point pressure remained significantly lower in the pubo-urethral ligament transection groups compared to that in the sham treated groups (17.6 +/- 6.36 vs 31.2 +/- 5.14 cm H2O, p < 0.00001), indicating the durability of pubo-urethral ligament transection for inducing stress urinary incontinence in female rats.

Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that deficiency of the pubo-urethral ligament in the female rat induces stress urinary incontinence comparable to that in a previously established model of pudendal nerve transection. induced stress urinary incontinence.

Such analyzes must account buy THZ1 for the dependence between outcomes and death as well as the changing nature of the cohort.”
“Background. Muscle power is related to mobility function in older adults, and effective power production requires rapid neuromuscular activation. Accordingly, this study examines the association of neuromuscular activation rate with muscle performance in persons of different age and mobility function.

Methods. Participants were recruited to three experimental groups: middle-aged healthy adults (MH), older healthy adults (OH), and older adults with mobility limitations (OML).

OH and OML were primarily differentiated by performance on the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Muscle performance (acceleration and power) and electromyography (EMG) were recorded

during a maximal-effort leg press task at an absolute resistance (260 N) and at a relative resistance (70% of the one-repetition Tubastatin A maximum [1RM]). Neuromuscular activation rate was quantified as pre-movement time (duration between EMG onset and movement onset) and the rate of EMG rise.

Results. Pre-movement time, rate of EMG rise, leg press acceleration, and leg press power were lower in OML relative to MH and OH but did not differ between OH and MH, with the exception of power at 70% 1RM. Across all older participants, rate of EMG rise was positively associated with acceleration, power, and the SPPB score.

Conclusions.

Slowing of neuromuscular activation rate is associated with compromised dynamic muscle performance, which may contribute to mobility limitations in some older adults. Future research should identify the precise neurophysiological impairments that contribute to declines in neuromuscular activation rate and mobility function with aging.”
“Background. In the HORMA (Hormonal Regulators of Muscle and Metabolism in Aging) Trial, supplemental testosterone and recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) enhanced lean body mass, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, muscle Tozasertib research buy performance, and physical function, but there was substantial interindividual variability in outcomes.

Methods. One hundred and twelve men aged 65-90 years received testosterone gel (5 g/d vs 10 g/d via Leydig cell clamp) and rhGH (0 vs 3 vs 5 mu g/kg/d) in a double-masked 2 x 3 factorial design for 16 weeks. Outcomes included lean tissue mass by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, one-repetition maximum strength, Margaria stair power, and activity questionnaires. We used pathway analysis to determine the relationship between changes in hormone levels, muscle mass, strength, and function.

Results. Increases in total testosterone of 1046 ng/dL (95% confidence interval = 1040-1051) and 898 ng/dL (95% confidence interval = 892-904) were necessary to achieve median increases in lean body mass of 1.5 kg and appendicular skeletal muscle mass of 0.

The dot blot has the potential to act as a confirmatory method for DIVA by 3ABC-ELISA.

(C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Accumulating evidence suggests that cognitive processes may be regulated by glycine concentration in the local environment of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). The concentration of glycine is controlled, among other factors, by the glycine transporter 1 (Gig]). While GlyT1 inhibitors are developed for a number of indications including cognitive improvement, little is known about their effects in tasks depending on prefrontal cortical function. We examined the effect of GlyT1 inhibitor SSR-504734 on cognitive flexibility assessed in the attentional GW4869 cost set-shifting task in rats (ASST). The second goal was to elucidate whether SSR-504734 effect has been due to the compound’s action at glycine/NMDAR site. Rats treated with SSR-504734 (3 and 10 mg/kg, IP) required significantly less trials to criteria during extra-dimensional shift (EDs) phase of the ASST. The effect of SSR-504734 www.selleckchem.com/products/nec-1s-7-cl-o-nec1.html (3 mg/kg) was completely

prevented by the glycine/NMDAR site antagonist, L-687,414 (30 mg/kg, IP) that by itself exerted no effect on cognitive flexibility. Present study demonstrates that the elevation of glycine concentration through the blockade of its reuptake facilitates cognitive flexibility. As this effect was fully blocked by glycine/NMDAR antagonist, SSR-504734-induced cognitive improvement is likely mediated through glycine action at NMDAR. It is suggested that GlyT1 inhibitors like SSR-504734 may represent

a useful pharmacological approach for cognitive enhancement, especially in domains critically affected in schizophrenia. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Swine influenza, apart from its importance in animal health, may also be of public health significance. others Although the first human infections with the multi-reassortant H1N1 virus (pH1N1/09) responsible for the 2009 pandemic were not related to pig exposure, this virus was shown to be related genetically to swine influenza viruses (SIV) and easily transmissible to pigs. In addition to direct animal health concerns, transmission and possible adaptation of the pH1N1/09 virus in pigs may have serious consequences on the risk of human infection by increasing the reservoir of this virus and the risk of possible emergence of new reassortant viruses with increased virulence for pigs and/or humans. Sensitive tools to monitor and detect rapidly such an infection are therefore mandatory. In this study, five commercial real-time RT-PCR assays developed by manufacturers LSI and Adiagene were assessed and validated, (i) for rapid detection of influenza A viruses, including pH1N1/09, in pig and (ii) for the differentiation of pH1N1/09 in that species. Two kits target the influenza A virus M gene, two others amplify the pH1N1/09 virus H1 gene and one kit targets the pH1N1/09 virus N1 gene.