Here we demonstrated that truncated Scl1 fused with OmpA was directed to the outer membrane fraction of E. coli by western blot analysis, and likely exposed on the surface of E.

coli by FACS analysis. While ectopic expression of Scl1 on the heterologous bacteria E. coli is an alternative approach to reduce the potential interference of other factors on the surface of S. pyogenes, there are some limitations in our study. For example, it can not be ruled out that Scl1 protein was secreted to the periplasmic space, because Scl1 was constructed after the OmpA signal sequence. To avoid this problem, we performed FACS analysis on whole bacteria using Scl1 antibodies to detect the location of Scl1 in/on E. coli. FACS selleck screening library analysis has been widely used in identification of cell surface molecules in many immunologic and hematologic studies. Furthermore, we isolated proteins from the outer membrane fraction and confirmed the existence of Scl1 by western blot analysis with antibodies XL184 order against Scl1 and its fusion protein OmpA. However, the proper folding of ectopically expressed Scl1 and the integrity of the outer membrane of E. coli account for other issues influencing our interpretation of Scl1 in adhesion. Nevertheless, our findings concerning the adherence of Scl1-expressed E. coli to human epithelial cells JQEZ5 ic50 unequivocally show that Scl1 contributes significantly to the adhesion of bacteria to human

epithelial cells. Collagen is a triple-helical, elongated protein structure Dichloromethane dehalogenase that is the main structural component

of the extra-cellular matrix in all multicellular organisms. Collagen-like sequences are found not only in proteins of multicellular organisms but also in proteins of microorganisms, such as a pullulanase in Klebsiella pneuminiae [28] and a platelet aggregation-associated protein in S. sanguis [29, 30]. Moreover, collagens interact with several macromolecules in a specific manner, suggesting that the collagen-like repeat sequences not only play a basic structural role, but also have a functional significance. Many eukaryotic cells bind collagen through integrins expressed on their surface [11]. Studies have demonstrated that the recombinant Scl1.41 protein interacted with α2β1 and α11β1 integrins, induced intracellular signaling in host cells, and promoted the internalization of S. pyogenes [9, 12, 13]. While the hypothesized region mediating the binding to α2β1 and α11β1 integrins in the recombinant Scl1.41 is in a motif called the GLPGER motif [9, 12, 13], Scl1 protein of S. pyogenes M29588 strain in our study does not contain the GLPGER motif. The novel aspect of this study is the observation that, in this Scl1 sequence type, the GLPGER motif is absent, yet adherence is maintained. Nevertheless, our results indicate that protein receptors, α2 and β1 integrins, contribute to Scl1-dependent binding to the surface of human epithelial cells.

The amount of PM production in

cells harvested at OD = 0.2 were comparable to the control culture whereas only negligible amounts were observed in cells harvested at ODs above 40. An inhibitory effect was also observed when Fed-Batch culture supernatants were applied as cultivation medium for fresh cells (white bars, Figure 2A). Figure 2 Effect of culture supernatants, obtained at various optical densities, on photosynthetic membrane production (A) and cell growth (B) of R. PF-3084014 solubility dmso rubrum. A: PM production during microaerobic cultivation using sterile filtered culture supernatants and cells harvested from an aerobic Fed-Batch cultivation. Black bars represent production in cells harvested from the Fed-Batch cultivation, washed and resuspended in fresh medium. White bars indicate cells harvested from an aerobic pre-culture, this website washed and resuspended in supernatant from the same Fed-Batch cultivation. B: Initial growth rate under microaerobic conditions after cells were inoculated into filtered culture supernatant harvested from the same aerobic

Fed-Batch cultivation. As a control for both A and B, cells harvested from an aerobically grown preculture were washed and resuspended in fresh medium (striped bars). Rates were calculated from data during HSP990 mw the growth phase of the cultivation. The shown data represents the mean of three measurements. Error bars were calculated by error propagation with accumulated deviations of three equivalent experiments. (Cells and culture supernatants from three Fed-Batch cultivations were treated as described above). The results Galeterone summarized in Figure 2A therefore suggest the presence of one or more factors in the supernatant that restrict PM production. Furthermore, in the resuspended culture, PM production diminished with increasing OD from the point of harvest/resuspension until complete inhibition at OD >40. However, when samples taken at different OD levels were plated on minimal or lysogeny broth (LB) medium, all colonies had the PM-producing phenotype of the wild-type strain. Therefore, loss of PM production through

mutation could be ruled out. Another interesting observation was that fresh cells inoculated in culture supernatant grew with a higher initial growth rate than the control (aerobic cells/fresh cultivation medium, Figure 2B). However, this effect declined for cells cultivated in culture supernatants harvested at OD >25. These initial results showed that cells provided with fresh growth medium were capable of producing higher PM levels and that substances which accumulated in the culture supernatant have an influence on the initial growth rate and the PM production. As the changes in cell behaviour were strongly dependent on the culture density, we suspected that a quorum sensing system could be responsible for the observed phenomena.

Microelectron Eng 2007, 84:904–908.CrossRef 18. Ericson F, Kristensen N, Schweitz J: A transmission electron microscopy study of hillocks in thin aluminum films. J Vac Sci Technol B 1991, 9:58–63.CrossRef 19. Maruyama T, Komatsu W: Surface diffusion of single-crystal Al 2 O 3 by scratch-smoothing method. J Am Ceram Soc 1975, 58:338–339.CrossRef 20. Bennison SJ, Harmer MP: Diffusion in sapphire and the role of magnesia in the sintering of alumina.

J Am Ceram Soc 1990, 73:833–837.CrossRef 21. Glaeser AM: Ceramic Interfaces: Properties Epacadostat in vivo and Applications. London: Institute of Materials; 1998:241. 22. Bonzel HP: Surface morphologies: transient and equilibrium shapes. Interface Sci 2001, 9:21–34.CrossRef 23. Mullins WW: Flattening of a nearly plane solid surface due to capillarity. J Appl Phys 1959, 30:77–83.CrossRef 24. Bonzel HP, Mullins WW: Smoothing of perturbed vicinal

surfaces. Surf Sci 1996, 350:285–300.CrossRef find more Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions LC fabricated the large-scale nanopatterned sapphire substrates by annealing of patterned Al thin films by soft UV-nanoimprint lithography, analyzed the results, and wrote and revised the manuscript. J-CH, G-GW, and HYZ participated in the revision of the manuscript. RS and L-HL participated in the preparation of Al thin films. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background In recent years, low-dimensional nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention due to their potential application in many areas [1]. One-dimensional nanowires with large anti-PD-1 antibody shape anisotropy and surface area have attracted much attention, which will be useful in a wealth of applications that include catalysis, magnetic recording, and some physical fundamental researches [2, 3]. Two-dimensional magnetic nanofilm is widely used for various kinds of magnetic sensors, planar inductors, and so on [4, 5]. Great efforts have been made to combine different

structures for three-dimensional multifunction materials. For instance, Qin et al. fabricated a microfiber-nanowire hybrid structure for energy scavenging, and Yan et al. fabricated three-dimensional metal-graphene nanotube multifunctional hybrid materials [6, 7]. As a typical hybrid nanostructure, nanobrush has been under extensive studies as one of the nanodevices for its special characters [8, 9]. In a magnetic composite material, the exchange coupling effect at the interface is significant [10, 11]. In order to PP2 cost investigate its influence on nanobrush, a heterogeneous nanobrush with magnetic film and different textured cobalt nanowires is dwelt on in detail in this paper. Different coupling models at the interface induced by different cobalt crystal textures have been investigated.

coli-stimulated

oxidative burst) <0.0001,<0.001             Büssing 2005 [65]     Surgery (51)                     Ovary IA–IC Iscador (75)       Self-regulation questionnaire, (score 1–6) median difference 0.30   <0.026 0.10–0.60 Grossarth 2007d [50]     None (75)                     Cervix IB-IVA Iscador (102)       Self-regulation questionnaire, (score 1–6) median difference 0.25   <0.0005 0.15–0.35 Grossarth 2007f [51]     None (102)                     Uterus IA-C Iscador (103)       Self-regulation questionnaire, (score 1–6) median difference 0.65   <0.0005 0.4–0.95 Grossarth 2008d [49]     None (103)   Androgen Receptor Antagonist mw                   Retrolective pharmaco-epidemiological cohort study Breast I–III Conventional therapy, Helixor (167)       Odds ratio for occurrence of disease- or treatment associated symptoms: AG-881 molecular weight 0.508   0.319–0.811 Beuth 2008 [69]     Conventional therapy (514)                       I–III Conventional therapy, Iscador (710) Adverse drug reactions ↓, Odds ratio: 0.47 95% CI 0.32–0.67 Odds ratio for being symptom-free 3.56 (vomiting, headache, exhaustion, depression,

concentration, sleep, dizziness, irritability) ↑   2.03–6.27 Bock 2004 [70]     Conventional therapy (732)                 BCKDHA       I–IV Conventional therapy, Eurixor (219)       Symptom mean score improved (nausea, appetite, stomach pain, tiredness, depression, concentration, irritability, sleep) <0.0001   Schumacher 2003 [71, 72]     Conventional therapy (470)                  

  I Chemotherapy (referring to the study by Piao et al.) – breast cancer: CAP, CAF (CAP: Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, cisplatin; CAF: Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil); ovarian cancer: CP, IcP (CP: Cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, IcP: Ifosfamid, carboplatin); non-small cell-lung cancer: VP, MViP (VP: Vinorelbine, cisplatin; MViP: Mitomycin, vindesine, cisplatin). II Statistical significance of pre-post difference within each group QoL: Quality of life; KPS: Karnofsky Performance Status Scale SCE: Sister chromatid exchange; ↑: selleck inhibitor increase; ↓: decrease. P-value, 95% CI: Statistical significance of difference between mistletoe (or other verum) and control group; n.s.: not statistically significant; EC: Epirubicin, cyclophosphamide (F: 5-fluorouracil); VEC: Vindesine, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide; CMF: Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate 5-fluorouracil; CAF: Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil. Table 6 Single-Arm Cohort Studies (e.g.

e. a range of 18 mm). In contrast, fully automated Sirscan readings had a range of 4 mm and only

4 out of 19 values were 1 mm out of the quality control range. Table 4 Examples of scattergrams of inhibition zone measurements with calliper, the Sirscan system adaped on-screen by the human eye and the Sirscan fully automated mode Nitrofurantoin, E. coli ATCC 25922   Diameter (mm) 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24                        Sirscan fully automated     9 10                                    Sirscan on-screen adjusted   6 4 5 2 2                                Calliper 3 3 4 3 5 1                             Ertapenem, E. coli ATCC 25922   Diameter (mm) see more 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38             MK-2206 manufacturer          Sirscan fully automated

          3 7 9                            Sirscan on-screen adjusted         1   4 6 2 3 3                      Calliper 1     1 1 4 3 1 5 3                     Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, S. aureus ATCC 29213   Diameter (mm) 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37    Sirscan fully automated                     4 6 7 2                Sirscan on-screen adjusted                     1 4 3 7 4              Calliper 2 1 1     1   1 2 3 2 1 2 1 1   1       Amikacin, S. aureus ATCC 29213   Diameter (mm) 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25                          Sirscan fully automated           7 12                              Sirscan on-screen adjusted           1 6 8 4                          Calliper   1       5 3 7 3                       Measurements were done independently and double-blinded by 19 experienced persons (technicians and laboratory physicians)

with the same disk diffusion plates of EUCAST quality control strains of S. Carnitine dehydrogenase aureus ATCC 29213, and E. coli ATCC 25922. Measurements of the Sirscan fully automated mode comprise 19 independent measurements of the panels. EUCAST quality control ranges are indicated in italics. Discussion Automation of inhibition zone readings was developed to avoid disadvantages of disk diffusion AST such as high find more manual workload, laborious data documentation, and low speed of manual readings. Our results show excellent comparability of on-screen adjusted automated measurements using the Sirscan instrument compared with the manual calliper method for a broad range of species representing the most common isolates in a routine clinical microbiological laboratory (Table 1). The present results are in agreement with other studies that found a high correlation of Sirscan and manual measurements [12, 13]. Relative deviations of Sirscan and manual measurements were almost equally distributed pointing to random deviations rather than systematical errors (Table 2). Neither method tended to systematically higher or lower diameter measurements compared with the other with the exception of Enterococcus spp.

Therefore, like mucins, Car proteins should

serve as a mucous cover protecting the germling and assisting in adhesion to the leaf surface [26]. Thus, the Car proteins can be annotated with the new terms “”GO ID 0075226 encysted zoospore germination on or near host”" and “”GO ID 0075001 adhesion of symbiont infection structure to host”", using the GO evidence code ISS (Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity). Signal transduction during Lazertinib recognition of the host Signal transduction is an integral component of the host recognition process. Examples include Foretinib molecular weight protein kinase-mediated signal transduction [27], receptor-mediated signal transduction [28], G-protein coupled find more receptor protein signal transduction, G-protein subunit-mediated signal transduction [29], cAMP-mediated signal transduction [30], calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction [31], and adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction [12]. In order to adequately describe signal transduction during symbiont interaction with its host, three sets of new terms were developed. Signal transduction pathways involved in the recognition between

host and symbiont are generally quite extensively characterized and consequently 127 new terms were developed. The first set of new terms is intended for annotation of host gene products that stimulate symbiont signal transduction (see Subtree 1, which includes terms under the node “”GO ID 0052470 modulation by host of symbiont signal transduction pathway”" in Figure 5). This set has 37 new terms. Five of these terms describing different types

second of signal transduction pathways are children of “”GO ID 0052470″” (see Subtree 1 in Figure 5). The second set of new terms is intended for annotation of symbiont gene products that stimulate host signal transduction (see Subtree 2, which includes terms under the node “”GO ID 0052027 modulation by symbiont of host signal transduction pathway”" in Figure 5). This set has 36 new GO terms and has the same structure as the first set (see Subtree 2 in Figure 5). The terms in the second set are essentially the converse of the terms in the first set. For example, the term “”GO ID 0075130 modulation by symbiont of host protein kinase-mediated signal transduction”" in the second term set has a complementary term “”GO ID 0075099 modulation by host of symbiont protein kinase-mediated signal transduction”" in the first term set. The third set of new terms is intended for annotation of symbiont gene products that stimulate symbiont signal transduction in response to the host (see Subtree 3, which includes terms under the nodes “”GO ID 0051701 interaction with host”" and “”GO ID 0051707 response to other organism”" in Figure 6). This set has 56 new GO terms. The new term “”GO ID 0075136 response to host”" is central to the 56 new terms.

Plasmid pZM3H1 carries a large portion of this C. litoralis transposon (17 ORFs; orf8-orf23), check details although it lacks the 5.3 -kbterminal region of the element, which contains three genes coding for a putative NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase,

a conserved membrane protein and a transposase (Figure  1). This truncated transposon contains (i-ii) two heavy metal resistance cassettes – a Co/Zn/Cd efflux system (orf11, orf12) and mercury resistance determinants (orf16-orf22), (iii) an ORF encoding a protein of the metallo-beta-lactamase family (orf15), (iv) a site-specific resolution system (composed of two genes tnpS and tnpT, and a putative resolution site with a hairpin structure) homologous to the MRS system of Tn4651[51], as well as (v) four ORFs encoding hypothetical proteins with unknown functions (orf8, orf13, orf14 and orf23) (Figure  1). The putative efflux system (CZC DMXAA research buy module; orf11, orf12) encodes a predicted CzcD metal transport membrane protein (a member of the cation diffusion facilitator

protein family), which mediates cobalt (Co2+), zinc (Zn2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) resistance (as shown in Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 [52]). The mercury resistance MRT67307 in vivo module (MER) contains 7 ORFs (orf16-orf22) with significant levels of homology to the merRTPABDE genes, responsible for enzymatic detoxification of Hg2+ ions to the less toxic form

Hg0[53]. The key enzymes in this mercury resistance system are (i) organomercurial lyase (MerB) – effectively performs hydrolysis of stable mercury-carbon bonds, and (ii) mercuric reductase (MerA) – reduces Hg2+ to Hg0 (metallic mercury) in a process that involves hydride transfer from the electron carrier NADPH to flavin. Three other important components are (i) two transcriptional regulatory proteins (MerR Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II and MerD), (ii) two mercury ion transport proteins (MerT and MerP), and (iii) an accessory membrane protein (MerE) [53] (Figure  1 and Additional file 1: Table S1). To investigate whether the analyzed resistance cassettes are functional, plasmid pBBR-ZM3CZCMER was constructed by inserting the orf11-orf23 gene cluster of pZM3H1 (contains the CZC and MER modules) into broad-host-range (BHR) mobilizable vector pBBR-MCS2 (see Methods for details). Since we were unable to remove (by incompatibility) plasmid pZM3H1 from its natural host (Halomonas sp. ZM3), the obtained plasmid pBBR-ZM3CZCMER was introduced (by conjugation or transformation) into Pseudomonas spp. LM7R and LM12R (pZM3H1 was shown to replicate in both strains) and E. coli TG1 (three members of Gammaproteobacteria), as well as A. tumefaciens LBA288 (Alphaproteobacteria).

J Microbiol Methods 2009, 78:265–270.PubMedCrossRef 68. Dietrich R, Moravek M, Burk C, Granum PE, Märtlbauer E: Production and characterization of antibodies against each of the three subunits of the Bacillus cereus nonhemolytic enterotoxin complex. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005, 71:8214–8220.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions AF participated in the study design, constructed plasmids and mutants,

performed cytotoxicity assays, and wrote the manuscript. AF and TL performed transformations, sampling and Western blot analysis, and TL participated in writing of the manuscript. PEG conceived CB-839 ic50 of the study, participated in its design, and critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera. Similar to many Gram-negative enteric pathogens, horizontal gene transfer and recombination plays a

significant role in the evolution and emergence of new pathogenic strain of this species [1–12]. The main cause of the explosive rice water diarrhea characteristic of cholera is the cholera toxin (CT), an AB type enterotoxin, which is encoded within the ssDNA filamentous phage CTXɸ [13, 14]. The B subunit of CT binds to the GM1 gangliosides, which are exposed when higher order gangliosides found in the intestinal mucus are cleaved by sialidase/neuraminidase (NanH). This protein is encoded AR-13324 within a 57 kb region named Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 (VPI-2) [15, 16]. In addition to encoding JIB04 cell line sialidase, VPI-2 also encodes the sialic acid catabolism (SAC) gene cluster (Figure 1A) [16–19]. The SAC cluster

was shown PIK3C2G to be present only in pathogenic isolates of V. cholerae and enables the bacterium to grow on sialic acid as a sole carbon source [18, 20]. Recently, we demonstrated that the ability to catabolize sialic acid gives V. cholerae a competitive advantage in vivo [19]. In non-O1/O139 pathogenic isolates, in addition to the SAC cluster are the genes required for a type 3 secretion system which is important for virulence [21–25]. The toxin co-regulated pilus (TCP), an essential intestinal colonization factor for V. cholerae, is encoded within the 40 kb Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-1 (VPI-1 or TCP Island) region [26, 27]. Figure 1 Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 (VPI-2) ORFs and primers used in this study. A. Schematic representation of VPI-2. Small black vertical arrows mark ORFs VC1758 (IntV2), VC1785 (VefA), or VC1809 (VefB). Block arrows represent ORFs and direction of transcription. Black arrows represent core genome ORFs (VC1757 and VC1810) present in all V.

6b. b (right) Room temperature fluorescence intensity-based image (measured with FLIM). The chloroplast

in Alacosia wentii leaves are excited with TPE at 860 nm and detected with a bandpass filter centered at 700 nm with a bandwidth of 75 nm. The pixel size is 0.26 μm. Fluorescence in each pixel is detected in 4,096 channels with a time resolution of 3 ps per channel. (left) Global fitting with linked lifetimes (τ 1, τ 2, and τ 3) and independent amplitudes for the black trace (1) and blue trace (2) shown in Fig. 6a For Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, it appears to be not at all possible to resolve variations LBH589 manufacturer in lifetimes between pixels, which is probably due to the fact that for Arabidopsis thaliana, the grana stacks are smaller than for Alocasia wentii. Conclusions In vivo measurements on chloroplasts are possible under low-light conditions with TPE FLIM and the obtained fluorescence kinetics are very similar to those observed in in vitro measurements on isolated chloroplasts. While scanning through Vistusertib order the leaves of Alocasia wentii and Arabidopsis thaliana that were both grown under low-light conditions, no differences could be observed in the fluorescence kinetics, CYT387 manufacturer indicating no variation in the chloroplast composition/organization as a function of depth. The spatial resolution of the FLIM measurements

does not allow to observe individual grana stacks in Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts, but in the case of chloroplasts of Alocasia wentii variations in the lifetimes Sitaxentan are observed, which may be ascribed to variations in the grana density. In the future, the TPE fluorescence lifetime

imaging microscope can be used to study individual chloroplasts in leaves under different stress conditions. Acknowledgments This study is part of the research programme of the “”Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM),”" which is financially supported by the “”Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO).”" Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. References Albertsson PÄ, Andreasson E (2004) The constant proportion of grana and stroma lamellae in plant chloroplasts. Physiol Plant 121:334–342. doi:10.​1111/​j.​0031-9317.​2004.​00315.​x Anderson JM (1999) Insights into the consequences of grana stacking of thylakoids membranes in vascular plants: a personal perspective. Aust J Plant Physiol 26:625–639 Barzda V, de Grauw CJ, Vroom J, Kleima FJ, van Grondelle R, van Amerongen H, Gerritsen HC (2001a) Fluorescence lifetime heterogeneity in aggregates of LHCII revealed by time-resolved microscopy. Biophys J 81:538–546. doi:10.

PubMedCrossRef 15. Middendorf B, Blum-Oehler G, Dobrindt U, Mühldorfer I, Salge S, Hacker J: The pathogenicity islands (PAIs) of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain 536: island probing of PAI II536. J Infect Dis 2001,183(Suppl 1):S17–20.PubMedCrossRef 16. Reyrat JM, Pelicic V, Gicquel B, Rappuoli R: Counterselectable markers: untapped tools for bacterial genetics and pathogenesis. Infect Immun 1998,66(9):4011–4017.PubMed 17. Middendorf B, Hochhut B, Leipold K, Dobrindt U, Blum-Oehler G, Hacker J: Instability of pathogenicity islands in uropathogenic Escherichia coli 536. J Bacteriol 2004,186(10):3086–3096.PubMedCrossRef 18. Hochhut B, Wilde C, Balling G, Middendorf B, Dobrindt U, Brzuszkiewicz

E, Gottschalk G, Carniel E, Hacker J: selleck chemicals Role of pathogenicity island-associated integrases in the genome plasticity of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain PD0332991 536. Mol Microbiol 2006,61(3):584–595.PubMedCrossRef 19. Turner SA, Luck SN, Sakellaris H, Rajakumar K, Adler B: Nested deletions of the SRL pathogenicity island of Shigella flexneri 2a. J Bacteriol 2001,183(19):5535–5543.PubMedCrossRef 20. O’Shea YA, Boyd EF: LY2109761 Mobilization of the Vibrio pathogenicity island between Vibrio cholerae isolates mediated by CP-T1 generalized transduction. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002,214(2):153–157.PubMedCrossRef 21. Lesic B, Bach S, Ghigo JM, Dobrindt U, Hacker J, Carniel E: Excision of the high-pathogenicity

island of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis requires the combined actions of its cognate integrase and Hef, a new recombination directionality factor. Mol Microbiol 2004,52(5):1337–1348.PubMedCrossRef 22. Maiques E, Ubeda C, Tormo MA, Ferrer MD, Lasa I, Novick RP, Penades JR: Role of staphylococcal phage and SaPI integrase

Forskolin mw in intra- and interspecies SaPI transfer. J Bacteriol 2007,189(15):5608–5616.PubMedCrossRef 23. Ubeda C, Barry P, Penades JR, Novick RP: A pathogenicity island replicon in Staphylococcus aureus replicates as an unstable plasmid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007,104(36):14182–14188.PubMedCrossRef 24. Ubeda C, Tormo MA, Cucarella C, Trotonda P, Foster TJ, Lasa I, Penades JR: Sip, an integrase protein with excision, circularization and integration activities, defines a new family of mobile Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity islands. Mol Microbiol 2003,49(1):193–210.PubMedCrossRef 25. Chen J, Novick RP: Phage-mediated intergeneric transfer of toxin genes. Science 2009,323(5910):139–141.PubMedCrossRef 26. Lindsay JA, Ruzin A, Ross HF, Kurepina N, Novick RP: The gene for toxic shock toxin is carried by a family of mobile pathogenicity islands in Staphylococcus aureus . Mol Microbiol 1998,29(2):527–543.PubMedCrossRef 27. Boyd EF, Davis BM, Hochhut B: Bacteriophage-bacteriophage interactions in the evolution of pathogenic bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2001,9(3):137–144.PubMedCrossRef 28. Ochman H, Lawrence JG, Groisman EA: Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation. Nature 2000,405(6784):299–304.PubMedCrossRef 29.