Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: The ventilatory threshold (VT) is usually determined by visual assessment of the point where the rate of elimination of carbon dioxide (VCO(2)) increases nonlinearly with respect to oxygen uptake (VO(2)) (the V-Slope method). We quantified the reliability of VT determination using data from a multicenter study in patients with heart failure.

Methods and Results: The Fix-Heart Failure-5 study of cardiac contractility modulation enrolled 428 patients from 50 centers in the United States. Cardiopulmonary

exercise tests were performed at baseline and 12, 24, and 50 weeks AZD6244 order after randomization, which provided 1679 tests. The VT was determined from each test in a core laboratory by 2 independent readers. VT could not be determined for 276 tests (16.4% indeterminate). Inter-observer variability (quantified by the 95% limits of agreement, LoA, expressed as a percent of the mean value) was check details 20.2% between the 2 readers, with a coefficient of variation (CV)

of 7.3%. Intra-observer variability was assessed by resubmitting (blinded) 179 tests to the same readers; the LoA was 24.7% for reader 1 and 16.9% for reader 2, with CVs of 6.1 and 8.9%, respectively. Ninety-one tests were submitted to 2 additional readers at a second core lab. Inter-observer variability in the second lab was 26.7% with a CV of 9.6%. Inter-laboratory variability was 21.4%, with a CV of 7.7%.

Conclusions: Inter-observer, intra-observer. and inter-site variation in determining the VT should

be considered when using the VT as an end point in clinical trials of heart failure. (I Cardiac Fail 2010:16:76-83)”
“Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate occlusion rates of great saphenous veins (GSV) with a diameter between 5-10 mm that received a pre-treatment size reduction via perivenous tumescent application (TA) followed by catheter-directed foam sclerotherapy (CDFS).

Methods: A prospective PS-341 nmr blinded randomized clinical trial comparing the occlusion rates of GSV at 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. Fifty patients were included and randomized into two groups. CDFS was performed accessing the GSV at knee level and applying 8 mL of 2% polidocanol-foam (Easy Foam) while the catheter was withdrawn. Strictly perivenous TA was performed in group 1 before applying the sclerosant agent. Occlusion rates and clinical scores were assessed by blinded examiners.

Results: After 12 months in group 1 full occlusion was achieved in 73.9%, partial occlusion in 8.7%, and 17.4% were classified as treatment failure. In group 2, 75% of the targeted GSV were fully occluded, 20% were partially occluded, and 5% were diagnosed as treatment failure. Both groups showed a significant reduction of the vein diameter. Patient’s tolerance and satisfaction with the treatment was high in both groups.

Conclusion: No benefit could be found using additional TA to reduce the vein diameter before the treatment.

This paper assumes when the ac current or field starts to change in the other direction, a new penetrated region will begin to penetrate from the superconductor surface. If we assume J(c) is constant in the critical region, this paper demonstrates that the Claassen formula (7) can be used to calculate

the exact ac losses. If J(c) depends on local B(z), we can use Eq. (9) to quickly predict the ac losses. This approach does not need to calculate check details a complete ac cycle. This saves considerably computation time while gives a result which is in close agreement with that calculated from a complete ac cycle. The calculation method can be applied for calculating a superconducting pancake coil if the coil radius is much larger than the tape width. c 2010 American click here Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3371190]“
“Background: Cytogenetic studies in Brazilian population about childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL), the most common childhood malignancy, are scarce. M oreover, Brazilian race is very heterogeneous and is made by the confluence of people of several different origins, from the original Native Brazilians, with the influx of

Portuguese colonizers, Black African slaves, and recent European, Arab and Japanese immigration. The purpose of this prospective, multicentric study was to assess the sociodemographic, clinic and cytogenetic characteristics of the children treated for ALL in the Northeast region of Brazil.

Results: This study includes thirty patients between 4 months and 17 years old treated for ALL from January 1st, 2009 to November 30th, 2010. Cytogenetic analysis showed that in nineteen out of thirty patients (64%) presented some chromosome abnormalities, in which 53% corresponds to numerical abnormalities, 21% structural and numerical abnormalities, and 26% only structural changes. Moreover, seven patients

presented complexes karyotype not yet described in the literature. Taken together these results show the importance of the cytogenetic analysis in ALL pediatric patients and illustrates that the studied population presented unexpected complexes karyotypes which were correlated to poor outcome.

Conclusion: The results demonstrate the importance of banding cytogenetics for ALL diagnosis despite the use of most modern techniques such as FISH and aCGH, and provide reliable AZD1390 supplier insight into the ALL in Brazil.”
“Objective. Conditioned media (CM) from human dental pulp cells (HDPC) was investigated for its effects on the proliferation and differentiation of HDPC and MG63 cells.

Study design. CM prepared from the primary culture of HDPC was used for the culture of HDPC and MG63. Cell growth, alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity, mRNA expression of differentiation-related genes, and mineralization of the HDPC and MG63 cells in the media containing CM were assessed.

Results. HDPC CM increased the cell growth of HDPC but decreased MG63 cell growth.

Maternal age, gravidity, parity and BMI were significantly lower in the study group, but gestational age was higher as compared

with the control group. Higher rate of maternal inflammatory lesions was observed in the study group compared to the control group, 21 vs. 1.6%, respectively, p = 0.001. No differences were observed in vascular lesions or in fetal inflammatory lesions between the groups. Conclusion: Placental maternal inflammatory changes play a role in spontaneous term labor, different from the involvement of the fetal compartment Selleckchem Milciclib and placental vascular component in preterm labor.”
“Background and aims: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who want to have children are anxious to receive medical treatment. The consensus regarding pregnancy has not been surveyed for male IBD patients. The present study was investigated opinions among male IBD patients about pregnancy, conception and neonatal outcomes for partners.

Methods: Subjects comprised 364 of 386

patients enrolled (94.3%). Subjects received a questionnaire regarding their opinions and thoughts about pregnancy. The course of partner’s conceptions and presence of neonatal malformations was also surveyed.

Results: The rate of live births for partners of male IBD patients was 91.6% (219/239). Most patients with CD (29/33; find more 88%) had their children after surgery had been performed. The rate of expressing hopes to have a child tended to be higher for patients with UC (93/128; 73%) than for patients with CD (61/97; 63%; p = 0.21). Furthermore, the rate of hesitation click here was significantly higher in CD patients (34/107; 32%) than in UC patients (38/188; 20%; p = 0.03). Patients considered that safety of medication (51%) and maintenance of remission (41%) was more important than receiving no treatment for

IBD (19%) when planning to conceive. Mesalamine and infliximab were more favorable at conception than sulfasalazine and immunomodulators.

Conclusions: This is the first report to survey the thinking of male IBD patients regarding pregnancy. Most male I BD patients considered “”maintaining remission”" as important at conception. Our study provides important information for IBD patients and for the treating physician when planning to conceive. (C) 2009 European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To identify risk factors for infection following cesarean delivery (CD) and to investigate the effect of intervention on modifiable risk factors (MRF). Methods: A prospective, two-period cohort intervention study. All CD performed between September 2006 and August 2007 (era 1) and between July 2009 and June 2010 (era 2) were included. Infection control program was implemented before era 2 and included a refresher course in aseptic and scrub techniques to all surgical teams.

Neurological and psychiatric disorders, that are associated with migraine, are mainly depression, anxiety disorders, epilepsy and sleep disorders, ADHD and Tourette syndrome. It also has been shown an association

with atopic disease and cardiovascular disease, especially ischemic stroke and patent foramen ovale (PFO).”
“The self-doped La1-xMnO3 (x=0.1 and 0.3) thin films deposited on Nb-doped (wt % y) SrTiO3 (y=0.05 and 0.8) crystals to form heteroepitaxial junctions have been prepared by the pulse laser deposition method. BI 6727 The current-voltage loops of junction were measured at several fixed magnetic fields for the temperature from 10 to 300 K. We have focused on the effects of doping level and annealing time on the magnetically tunable property of the junction. The results show that these junctions have a typical temperature-dependent rectifying characteristics

and asymmetrical hysteresis. The magnetically tunable property of the junction was related with the annealing time for the self-doped La1-xMnO3-delta thin film and the doping level in the Nb-doped SrTiO3 (STON) crystal. In the self-doped La0.9MnO3/0.05-STON junction annealed at 900 degrees C for 5 h, the relative ratio of voltage [V-b(0)-V-b(H)]/V-b(0) is about 70% at H=6 T and T=70 K for I=0.1 mA, showing a large magnetically tunable property. These results reveal the great potential of the manganites in configuring artificial devices. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3358597]“
“Objective. The “”adequate PU-H71 cell line BI 2536 Cell Cycle inhibitor surgical margin”" has always remained an enigma in the

minds of head and neck surgeons. This study systematically analyses the impact of the width of the clear surgical margin on survival in oral cancer.

Study design. A historical cohort of 277 surgically treated patients with oral cancer were followed for a median period of 36 months. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the independent effect of the clear surgical margin, in millimeters, on 5-year survival.

Results. Patients with margins of 5 mm or more had a 5-year survival rate of 73% when compared to those with margins of 3 to 4 mm (69%), 2 mm or less (62%), and involved margins (39%, P = .000). After controlling for confounding variables (age, gender, stage) each 1-mm increase in clear surgical margin decreased the risk of death at 5 years by 8% (HR 0.92; 95% CI 0.86, 0.99; P = .021). Based on this model, patients with positive surgical margins had a 2.5-fold increase in risk of death at 5 years and those with close (<= 3 mm) margins had a 1.5-fold increase in risk of death (P = 0.076) when compared to patients with margins greater than 3 mm (P = .000).

Conclusions. Survival improves with each additional millimeter of clear surgical margin.

RFA was performed using the Celon RFiTT system (Teltow, Germany). EVLA was performed using an Pevonedistat clinical trial 810 nm Laser (Biolitec AG, Germany). Phlebectomies were performed as required. Primary endpoints were patient assessed pain and bruising

measured by visual analogue scale (VAS). Secondary endpoints were patency assessed by duplex ultrasound at 6 weeks and 6 months.

Results: In the bilateral group, RFA resulted in significantly less pain than EVLA on days 2-11 postoperatively. RFA also resulted in significantly less bruising than EVLA on days 3-9. There were no significant differences in mean post operative pain, bruising and activity scores in the unilateral group. Both RFA and EVLA resulted in occlusion rates of 95% at 10 days postoperatively.

Conclusions: C59 molecular weight RFA was less painful for patients than EVLA and produced less bruising in the postoperative period with comparable success rates but there was no difference in the unilateral group. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society for Vascular Surgery.”
“Objective: This study investigates whether changes in registration and coding practices influenced official suicide rates in Norway from 1988 to 2002.

Study Design and Setting: A Poisson regression model was used to evaluate rates of suicide and potentially competing underlying causes

of death. Setting in Norway 1988-2002.

Results: From 1988 to 1994, suicide mortality decreased significantly, by 23.7%. Simultaneously, rates of causes of death potentially masking suicide decreased or remained fairly stable. From 1994 to 2002, however, there were no significant changes in suicide rates but accidental poisoning, which

may mask suicide, increased significantly by 32.4%. Also, “”ill-defined causes”" of death increased by 16.7%, indicating poorer data quality.

Conclusion: This study suggests that the decreasing suicide rate in 1988-94 reflects a real change. However, the general quality of mortality statistics has deteriorated since the late 1990s, making it difficult to assess developments since 1994. Such Capmatinib in vivo variations in the reliability of official suicide statistics complicate international comparisons. However, shifts in the death rate because of “”ill-defined”" causes could serve as a warning that data quality is not consistent over time. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background: The use of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) as a treatment for severe cardiovascular impairment due to poisoning is unclear. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis to compare survival among critically ill poisoned patients treated with or without ECLS.

Methods: All consecutive patients admitted into 2 university hospitals in northwestern France over the past decade for persistent cardiac arrest or severe shock following poisoning due to drug intoxication were included. ECLS was preferentially performed in 1 of the 2 centers.

Liposomal quercetin completely prevented the arsenite-induced upregulation of cytochrome c expression in liver and brain significantly suggesting that the protective effect of Liposomal quercetin could be related to the reduction of arsenic deposition in both the organs. PI3K inhibitor Conclusion: Thus, Liposomal quercetin might prove

to be of therapeutic potential against arsenite-induced hepatic and neuronal cell damage in rats.”
“We aimed to assess the prevalence of CKD in the Black Sea Region, Turkey, and to evaluate any relationship between age, gender, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and CKD. This study was conducted in 70 different areas in Tokat Province in the Black Sea Region, in the northern part of Turkey. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated from the serum creatinine using MDRD formulas. CKD-defined estimated GFR was lower RG-7388 supplier than 60 mL/min/1.73m(2). A total of 1,079 persons were included in this study (mean age 41.4 +/- 17 years [range: 18-95 years], 49.4% males, 50.6% living in an urban area). Of the 1,079 individuals, 5.28% were diabetic, 22.9% were obese, and 37.8% were hypertensive. CKD was found in 62 of them (5.75%). The prevalence of CKD was 5.58% in non-diabetics and 8.77% in diabetics. No significant differences were found between two groups. The prevalence

of CKD was 3.77% in non-hypertensive individuals and 8.82% in hypertensive patients, and 4.46% in non-obese and 9.31% in obese. The evident significant differences were found between groups (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.004, respectively). The prevalence of CKD increased with age within our population. A salient observation was the markedly higher prevalence of CKD in females than males Navitoclax solubility dmso (p = 0.046).

There was an inverse correlation between eGFR and age (r = 0.529, p < 0.0001). The overall prevalence of CKD was 5.75% in general population. The prevalence of CKD increased with age within our population. Age, gender, obesity and hypertension were found to be significant risk factors for development of CKD in our population.”
“Bacterial a amylases, widely used in the desizing of the gray cotton fabrics, convert the starch present in the warp yarns into glucose, a reducing sugar. An attempt has been made to convert the glucose released by amylases in the desizing process into hydrogen peroxide using glucose oxidase enzymes and use the hydrogen peroxide for bleaching of cotton fabrics, in a single step. Conversion of glucose, into hydrogen peroxide, is influenced by aeration of the reaction bath and concentration of the glucose oxidase. Significant improvement in the whiteness and absorbency, reduction in the extractable impurities and clear surface morphology were also observed in the samples obtained from the one-step process. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Conclusion. The data confirm a previously reported genetic locus on chromosome 17 as statistically significant in the etiology of FIS within a subgroup of families in which an affected male had spinal surgery.”
“Purpose: The major areas of research that have characterised investigation of the impact of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields on living systems in the past 50 years are discussed. In particular, selected studies examining the role of these fields in cancer, their effects on immune and nerve cells, and the positive influence of these ELF fields on bone and nerve cells, wound healing and ischemia/reperfusion injury are explored. Conclusions: The

literature indicates selleck screening library that there is still no general agreement on the exact biological detrimental effects of ELF fields, Staurosporine TGF-beta/Smad inhibitor on the physical mechanisms that may be behind these effects or on the extent to which these effects may be harmful to humans. Nonetheless, the majority of the invitro experimental results

indicate that ELF fields induce numerous types of changes in cells. Whether or not the perturbations observed at the cellular level can be directly extrapolated to negative effects in humans is still unknown. However, the myriad of effects that ELF fields have on biological systems should not be ignored when evaluating risk to humans from these fields and, consequently, in passing appropriate legislation to safeguard both the general public and professionally-exposed workers. With regard to the positive effects of these fields, the possibility of testing further their efficacy in therapeutic protocols should also not be overlooked.”
“Objectives: 4SC-202 To explore the significance of the pretreatment total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to free testosterone (FT) ratio (PSA/FT) as a marker for assessing the pathologic Gleason sum (pGS) and levels of tumor extension (pT) in prostatectomy specimens. Patients and Methods: 128 of 135 consecutive patients

diagnosed with prostate cancer underwent radical prostatectomy. Simultaneous pretreatment serum samples were obtained to measure serum total testosterone, FT and total PSA levels. The statistical design of the study included 2 sections: the first part trying to explore the role of the PSA/FT ratio in clustering patients with different pathologic prognostic factors, and the second to investigate the PSA/FT ratio distribution in different groups of patients according to the pathologic stage and pGS of the specimen after radical prostatectomy. Results: The average age was 65.80 (range 51.21-77.26) years, mean PSA was 8.88 (range 1.22-44.27) mu g/l, mean FT was 35.32 (range 13.70-69.30) pmol/l, and the mean PSA/FT ratio was 0.27 (range 0.04-1.48). The PSA/FT ratio significantly clustered both the pT and pGS groups. Analysis of variance for the distribution of the PSA/FT ratio was significant for the pT model groups.

74; p = 0.003) in the longer-term.

CONCLUSION: Pediatric cardiomyopathy patients who require high levels of support receive a survival benefit from heart transplantation that is not shared by patients not requiring intravenous inotropic or mechanical support. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:755-60 (C) 2011 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Impaired one-carbon

metabolism is thought to be associated H 89 order with the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs); however, the role of methylation in NTDs remains unclear. Long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE-1) constitutes 17-25% of the human genome. LINE-1 hypomethylation correlates with global DNA methylation levels in cancerous cells, but limited Vorasidenib molecular weight information is available on LINE-1 methylation in NTDs.

Objective: We determined whether LINE-1 methylation patterns were associated with neural tube development and the possible relations between DNA methylation and key maternal metabolites involved in folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism.

Design: Global methylation, maternal plasma folic acid, vitamin B-12, and total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations were assessed in 48 NTD and 49 control samples by immunoassay, and LINE-1

methylation levels were evaluated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Results: Methylation levels of genomic DNA and LINE-1 decreased significantly in the neural tissue of NTD samples. The risk of NTDs increased with decreasing levels of LINE-1 methylation, with an odds ratio of 5.246 (95% CI: 1.519, 18.124; P = 0.009) for the lowest quartile (methylation level <= 57.94%) compared with the highest quartile (methylation level >= 60.94%). Compared with control subjects, case subjects had lower maternal plasma concentrations of Liproxstatin-1 vitamin B-12.

Conclusions: Hypomethylation of LINE-1 and genomic DNA was associated with an increased risk of NTDs. Functional insufficiency of maternal plasma vitamin B-12 was associated with NTDs, although no significant correlation could be established

between maternal folic acid, vitamin B, tHcy, and LINE-1 methylation. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:1359-67.”
“Background: Prompt, quality assured laboratory diagnosis is key to effective malaria case management and control, especially since the introduction of the more expensive artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). The malaria programme and its non-government partners, on the basis of WHO recommended Lot Quality Assurance methods, have developed a district level external quality assurance (EQA) system. This study was designed to assess the feasibility, under programme conditions, of an integrated district level external quality assurance and supervision approach for malaria microscopy.

Design and Methods: A prospective study conducted over seven months period (May-November 2007).

Methods We did a

double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a device-based non-specific immunomodulation therapy (IMT) in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II-IV chronic heart failure, left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, and hospitalisation for heart failure or intravenous drug therapy in an outpatient setting within the past 12 months. Patients were randomly assigned to receive IMT (n=1213) or placebo (n=1213) by intragluteal injection on days 1, 2, 14, and every 28 days thereafter. Primary endpoint was the composite of time to death from any cause or first hospitalisation for cardiovascular reasons. The study continued until 828 primary endpoint events had accrued and all study patients had been treated for at least 22 weeks. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, Nirogacestat mw number NCT00111969.

Findings During a mean follow-up of 10 . 2 months, there were 399 primary events in the IMT group and 429 in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0 . 92; 95% CI 0 . 80-1.05; p=0 . 22). In two prespecified subgroups of patients-those with no history of previous myocardial infarction (n=919) and those with NYHA II heart

failure (n=689)-IMT was associated with a 26% (0.74; 0 . 57-0 . 95; p=0.02) and a 39% (0.61; 95% CI 0 . 46-0.80; p=0 . 0003) reduction in the risk of primary endpoint events, respectively.

Interpretation ICG-001 research buy Non-specific immunomodulation may have a role as a potential treatment for a large segment of the heart failure population, which includes patients without a history of myocardial infarction (irrespective of their functional NYHA class) and patients within NYHA class II.”
“Introduction The aim

of this study was to determine the prognostic value of metabolic alterations in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of patients presenting with GDC-0973 manufacturer clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) with special regard to the prediction of conversion to definite MS.

Methods Using a 3T whole-body MR system, a multi-sequence conventional MRI protocol and single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy (PRESS, repetition time 2000 ms, echo times 38 ms and 140 ms) of the parietal NAWM were performed in 25 patients presenting with CIS at baseline and in 20 controls. Absolute concentrations of N-acetyl-aspartate (tNAA), myo-inositol (Ins), choline (Cho) and creatine (tCr) as well as metabolite ratios were determined. Follow-up including neurological assessment and conventional MRI was performed 3-4 and 6-7 months after the initial event.

Results Nine patients converted to definite MS during the follow-up period. Compared to controls, those patients who converted to MS also showed significantly lower tNAA concentrations in the NAWM (-13.4%, P = 0.002) whereas nonconverters (-6.5%, P = 0.052) did not. The Ins concentration was 20.

Furthermore, these four proteins had the best sensitivity/specificity and highest Area Under the Curve (AUC) in mild-moderate AD compared with the severe AD. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aims: To characterize the duel activities of a glycosyl hydrolase family 3 beta-glucosidase/xylosidase from

rumen bacterial metagenome and to investigate the capabilities of its beta-d-xylosidase THZ1 order activities for saccharification of hemicellulosic xylans. Methods and Results: A beta-glucosidase/xylosidase gene RuBGX1 was cloned from yak (Bos grunniens) rumen using the metagenomic technology. Recombinant RuBGX1, expressed in Escherichia coli, demonstrated high hydrolytic activities on both p-nitrophenyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside (pNP-Glc) and p-nitrophenyl- beta-d-xylopyranoside (pNP-Xyl) substrates. Analysis of the kinetic properties indicated that RuBGX1 had a lower affinity for pNP-Glc substrate as the K(m) selleck kinase inhibitor was 0.164 mmol l)(- 1) for pNP-Glc and 0.03 mmol l) 1(-1) for pNP-Xyl at pH 6.0

and 50 degrees C, respectively. The capabilities of RuBGX1 beta-xylosidase for hydrolysis of xylooligosaccharide substrates were further investigated using an endoxylanase- coupled assay. Hydrolysis time courses illustrated that a significant increase (about 50%) in the reducing sugars, including xylobiose, xylotriose and xylotetraose, was achieved by supplementing endoxylanase with RuBGX1. Enzymatic product analysis using high-performance anion-exchange chromatographypulsed amperometric detection showed that RuBGX1 could release xyloses from intermediate xylooligosaccharides produced by endoxylanase. Conclusions: Selleck Tozasertib The RuBGX1 shows beta-glucosidase activity in hydrolysis of cellooligosaccharides; meanwhile, it has beta-xylosidase activity and functions synergistically with endoxylanase to promote the degradation of hemicellulosic xylans. Significance and Impact of the study: This was the first to report the beta-xylosidase

activity of family 3 beta-glucosidase /xylosidase functioned in the degradation of hemicellulosic xylans. The bifunctional beta-glucosidase /xylosidase property of RuBGX1 can be used in simultaneous saccharification of cellulose and xylan into fermentable glucose and xylose.”
“Tumors bearing Ras mutations are notoriously difficult to treat. Drug combinations targeting the Ras protein or its pathway have also not met with success. ‘Pathway drug cocktails’, which are combinations aiming at parallel pathways, appear more promising; however, to be usefully exploited, a repertoire of classified pathway combinations is desirable. This challenge would be facilitated by the availability of the structural network of signaling pathways. When integrated with functional and systems level clinical data, they can be powerful in advancing novel therapeutic platforms.