0% and 39 5% In keeping with previous, smaller studies, these fi

Posted on March 13, 2021 by admin

0% and 39.5%. In keeping with previous, smaller studies, these findings demonstrate that in

Methods: Descriptive clinical report. Cases with two-chambered uterine cavities were recruited with exclusion of cases with pure bicornuate AZD1208 chemical structure uteri. The differentiation between hybrid and pure septate uterine varieties was based on clinical evaluation, transvaginal ultrasonic evaluation, hysterosalpingography and in addition to bimanual examination under anesthesia. The final diagnosis was confirmed

by combined hysteroscopylaparoscopy examinations. Cases with pure and hybrid septate uteri were managed by hysteroscopic metroplasty and the outcomes were compared.

Results: Out of 357 cases of double chambered uteri, 18 cases (5%) were found to be a pure bicornuate variety (PBV), 322 (90.2%) cases were found to have pure septate variety (PSV) and 17 cases (4.8%) were found to have hybrid septate variety (HSV). In HSV, there was external fundal depression dividing only the upper part of the corpus giving an imprecise impression of a bicornuate uterus with a laparoscopic view, but there was a long extension of the dividing interface. Nine cases with HSV were associated with a complete utero-cervico-vaginal septum, and five cases had a complete uterine septum. The diagnosis of asymmetric horns, hemi-obstruction

or bicervical uterus was made in three cases with HSV. GSK2126458 clinical trial All cases with a septate uterus were offered hysteroscopic metroplasty, and cases with fundal depression were operated under laparoscopic monitoring. In cases with HSV, the procedure was performed safely and successfully in 16/17 cases (94%). One uterine perforation was encountered, giving a six-fold increase in the perforation risk, and passed uneventfully. Successful reproductive outcomes were reported in 178/189 cases (94.1%) with PSV and in 12/15 (80%) with HSV.

Conclusions: External fundal depressions of variable depths are associating with a septate uterus, indicating coexistence of the two anomalies. These cases are candidates for hysteroscopic metroplasty under appropriate sonographic and/or laparoscopic monitoring.”
“Aim: Concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) is the standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer. This study was undertaken to evaluate the outcomes and the prognostic factors for cervical cancer after CCRT.

We conclude that aggressive surgical

treatment of tuberou

Posted on March 12, 2021 by admin

We conclude that aggressive surgical

treatment of tuberous GANT61 research buy sclerosis complex-related refractory seizures is associated with significant control of epilepsy as well as improved QOL for the patient and family. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“To determine the presence of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and other serologic markers, we tested serum specimens of 339 Amerindians, 181 rural non-Amerindians, and 1,133 urban blood donors (13 Amerindians) in the Brazilian Amazon. High KSHV seroprevalence in children and inverse association with herpes simplex virus type 2 indicates predominant nonsexual transmission among Amerindians.”
“Kamar N, Rostaing L, Ignace S, Villar E. Impact of post-transplant anemia on patient and graft survival rates after kidney transplantation: a meta-analysis. ?Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01545.x. (C) 2011 John Wiley

& Sons A/S. Abstract: The impact of post-kidney transplant anemia (PTA) on patient and graft survival rates remains controversial. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate its impact in causing death of a patient with a functioning graft (DPWFG) and death-censored graft loss (DCGL). A systematic review of 11 observational studies JIB-04 mw (11 632 kidney transplant patients) that reported the impact of PTA or hemoglobin (Hb) level on these endpoints was performed. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) definition (Hb <12 g/dL in women and Hb <13 g/dL in

men), PTA was not associated with DPWFG when results were expressed as an adjusted JPH203 cell line hazard ratio (aHR: 1.23 [0.971.57]), but was associated with higher DPWFG when results were expressed as unadjusted rates (aHR: 2.48 [1.364.52]) and when cut-off level for anemia was lower than the WHO definition (aHR: 3.12 [1.925.07]). A -1 g/dL decrease in Hb level was associated with higher DPWFG rates (aHR: 1.19 [1.121.26]). Using WHO criteria, PTA was associated with higher DCGL rates when results were expressed as aHR (aHR: 1.53 [1.261.85]) or as unadjusted rates (aHR: 3.55 [2.365.33]); a -1 g/dL decrease in Hb level was associated with higher DCGL rates (aHR: 1.14 [1.111.16]). This meta-analysis reveals that the association between PTA and DPWFG varies with PTA definition and adjustment for confounders. In all sub-meta-analyses, PTA was significantly associated with DCGL.”
“We consider a uniformly magnetized particle (i.e., a macroscopic magnetic moment) with an easy axis anisotropy. The particle’s moment is switched from “”up”" to “”down”" direction by an external magnetic field applied parallel to the easy axis and continuously swept from a positive to a negative value. In addition, a small constant perpendicular bias field is present.

Methods: A total of 61 male adolescents (10-17 years old; mean: 1

Posted on March 12, 2021 by admin

Methods: A total of 61 male adolescents (10-17 years old; mean: 13.67 +/- 1.08) with gynecomastia were enrolled into the study group. A total of 65 healthy age-matched adolescents were included in the control group. Body mass index (BMI), Tanner staging, testis volume, stretched penis length (SPL) and bone age were evaluated. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone,

luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E-2), testosterone, free testosterone, SHBG, PSA levels were determined and FAI was calculated.

Results: In the study group, free testosterone (p = 0.012) and FAI (p = 0.05) were significantly lower than the control group. In the control group, SHBG levels decreased (p < 0.05) and FAI increased (p < 0.05) significantly

with increasing Nutlin-3 in vivo Tanner stages; however, no such difference was observed in the study group (p > 0.05). High FAI was found to decrease the risk of gynecomastia (odds ratio: 0.211, 95% confidence interval: 0.064-0.694, p = 0.01). PSA showed a positive correlation with FAI, free testosterone, Tanner staging, testosterone, E-2 and LH levels.

Conclusions: PSA is Selleckchem TH-302 a good indicator of androgen activity during puberty. However, owing to FAI remaining as the single significant variable for pubertal gynecomastia, we suggest that it is still the best parameter to elucidate the etiopathogenesis of gynecomastia as well as other pubertal developmental abnormalities in male adolescents, SN-38 research buy and further longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the relationships between PSA and FAI in puberty.”
“Polysaccharide fractions were extracted from partially delignified bamboo (Neosinocalamus affinis) culms pretreated with ultrasonic irradiation for varied times and cold sodium hydroxide/urea solution, and their structure and thermal stability were comparatively characterized. In this case, ball-milled bamboo culms were treated with ultrasonic irradiation for varied times

(0, 5, 15, and 25 min), dissolved with 7% sodium hydroxide/12% urea solution at -12 degrees C, and then extracted with ethanol and dioxane to obtain partially delignified solid fractions. Subsequently, the solid fractions were subjected to be extracted with dimethyl sulfoxide followed by precipitation in ethanol and yielded the polysaccharide fractions. Sugar analysis indicated that the total sugar content increased from 60.63% in the polysaccharide fraction prepared without ultrasonic irradiation to 81.26% in the polysaccharide fraction prepared with an ultrasonic irradiation time of 25 min. Glucose (similar to 50-55%) was the major sugar component, and xylose (similar to 41-44%) was the second major sugar in polysaccharide fractions in all cases.

Out of 32 parameters including bladder compliance, only prostate

Posted on March 11, 2021 by admin

Out of 32 parameters including bladder compliance, only prostate size was weakly (44 vs. 39mL) but significantly associated with the 64Arg allele, but was not mirrored by an association with prostate-specific antigen levels. Conclusions Our data do not support the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the B3AR gene are associated with alterations of bladder function. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 276280, 2013. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Background: Measurement of intrapleural pressure is useful during various pleural procedures. However, a pleural manometer is rarely available. Selleckchem SN-38 Objectives: The aim of this study was to (1) construct an electronic pleural manometer, (2) assess the accuracy

of the measurements done with the new device, (3) calculate the costs of the manometer construction and (4) perform an initial evaluation of the device in a clinical setting. Methods: Only widely accessible elements were used to construct the device. A vascular pressure transducer was used to transform pressure into an electronic signal. Reliability of the measurements was evaluated in a laboratory setting in a prospective, single-blind manner by comparing the results with those measured by a water manometer. Functionality of the

device was assessed during therapeutic thoracentesis. learn more The cost of the new pleural manometer was calculated. Results: We built a small, portable device which can precisely measure intrapleural pressure. The measurement results showed very high agreement with those registered with a water manometer Ro-3306 (r = 0.999; p < 0.001). The initial evaluation of the electronic manometer during therapeutic thoracentesis showed it was easy to use. The total time needed for 6 measurements after withdrawal of different volumes of pleural fluid in 1 patient did not exceed 6 min. The total cost of the device was calculated to be <2,000 EUR. Conclusions: In the face of very limited offer of commercially available

pleural manometers, it is possible to successfully construct a self-made, reliable, electronic pleural manometer at modest costs. The device is easy to use and enables data display and storage in the personal computer. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Objective To explore the myoblast formation around the urethra and increase in urethral resistance of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells or muscle-like cells/calcium alginate composite gel injection therapy and effect on LPP in SUI rat model. Methods Isolation, cultivation, and identification of SD rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell were performed. 5-Azacytidine was introduced to induce muscle-like cells. SUI was produced in 72 6-week-old female SpragueDawley rats, which were divided into four groups: stem cell-gel group, muscle-like cell-gel group, Gel group, and mock control group. One, 4, and 8 weeks after injection, the leak point pressure (LPP) was measured.

Individuals completed the short geriatric depression scale (GDS)

Posted on March 11, 2021 by admin

Individuals completed the short geriatric depression scale (GDS). We used bivariate statistics to determine whether demographic or disease-related factors, disease activity, quality of life or medication adherence was associated with depression. We used logistic regression to estimate independent effects of depression on medication adherence.

Results: A total of 359 elderly selleck compound individuals with IBD completed the GDS. The mean age was 70.2 years (SD 4.7); mean disease duration was 25.6 years (SD 17.6), and 62.6% had Crohn’s disease (CD). The point prevalence of depression was 22.6%. Lower education levels (p = 0.001), higher corticosteroid use (<0.01) and lower exercise levels (<0.001) were associated with depression.

For both CD and ulcerative colitis (UC), those with depression had increased disease activity (short Crohn’s disease activity index 52.5 versus 29, p = 0.005, and simple clinical colitis activity index 5 versus 2, p = 0.003). Depressed patients had lower quality of life (short IBD questionnaire 4.6 versus 5.7, p <0.001). Depressed individuals had reduced medication adherence (adjusted OR 2.18;

95% CI 1.04-4.57).

Conclusions: Depression is common in this geriatric IBD cohort. Depression is independently associated with reduced medication adherence. Recognition and treatment of depression in elderly patients with CA4P clinical trial IBD could improve outcomes. (C) 2013 European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Faraday MDV3100 mouse rotation spectra of Co nanoparticles embedded in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) matrix were investigated by the theoretical and experimental approaches. Co nanoparticles were synthesized by means of the thermal decomposition method, which makes it possible to control the particle concentration without changing the particle size distribution. The amplitude of Faraday rotation is dependent on the particle concentration, and the Faraday rotation spectra show the blueshift accompanied by the

decrease in size of Co nanoparticles. The experimental results of Faraday spectra were consistent with the calculation using the Maxwell-Garnett model which is considering the size-dependent free-electron contribution and size independent bound-electron contribution. It was found that the spectral shift was caused only by the size-dependent diagonal element in the dielectric constant tensor, which originates from the confinement of the free electrons in nanoparticles. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3125321]“
“Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, and its prevalence has been increasing worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify a new therapeutic target to prevent diabetic nephropathy. Autophagy is a major catabolic pathway involved in degrading and recycling macromolecules and damaged organelles to maintain intracellular homeostasis.

One such infection that may reactivate is the hepatitis B virus (

Posted on March 10, 2021 by admin

One such infection that may reactivate is the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is currently unknown if

HBV reactivation is a class effect or attributable to a particular TNF-alpha inhibitor. To answer this question, a comprehensive literature review to identify trends in related cases was performed. A systemic literature review was performed using the PubMed and Medline databases (1996 to January 2010) searching for STA-9090 chemical structure the index term “”Hepatitis B”" combined with the terms “”tumor necrosis factor,”" “”TNF-alpha inhibitors,”" “”etanercept,”" “”adalimumab,”" “”certolizumab,”" and “”golimumab.”" All relevant articles in English were reviewed, and secondary references of interest were also retrieved. Thirty-five cases with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity known prior to initiation

of TNF-alpha inhibitors were identified. Infliximab was used in 17 cases, etanercept in 12 cases, and adalimumab in 6 cases. All six cases of clinically symptomatic hepatitis were associated with infliximab therapy. Infliximab was associated with the most cases of greater than 2-fold increase in alanine aminotransferase (six of nine cases) and greater than 1,000-fold increase in HBV DNA load (three of four). The two deaths reported occurred https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mk-5108-vx-689.html with infliximab therapy. Potential mechanisms of action for the reported observations include differences in molecular design, route of administration, and potency in clearing TNF-alpha. In patients with a positive HBsAg prior to starting a TNF-alpha

inhibitor, infliximab has the most reported cases associated with HBV reactivation. While such reactivation may be due to a variety of reasons, clinicians prescribing TNF-alpha inhibitors to HBsAg-positive patients should consider prophylactic antiviral therapy and close monitoring ACY-241 inhibitor for any clinical or serological evidence of hepatitis.”
“A novel method of making water-based amorphous carbon nanotubes (ACNTs) for advanced polymer nanocomposites is presented. In this approach, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is introduced onto the amorphous carbon nanotubes to improve the solubility in water and the dispersion in polyvinyl alcohol [PVA] matrix. As a result, the addition of 0.6 wt % ACNTs in the polymer resulted in the significant improvement (167.5 and 175.8%) in the tensile strength and modulus of the polymer, respectively. The improved mechanical property could be ascribed to the load transfer to the nanotubes in the composites. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 1986-1992, 2011″
“Self-heating effects in a molecular beam epitaxy-grown GaN/AlGaN/GaN structure on a single crystalline diamond is investigated. A transient interferometric method, in combination with a three dimensional model, is used to describe a pulsed operation of a transistor-like heater, and a micro-Raman technique is used in a steady state. Good agreement is found between the techniques.

“
“Background: Temporary abdominal closure (TAC) is often pe

Posted on March 9, 2021 by admin

“
“Background: Temporary abdominal closure (TAC) is often performed after an open abdomen to prevent postoperative complications. Reducing the time of TAC and performing a skin grafting as early as possible would improve the outcome of open abdomen. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of different TAC materials and topically applied exogenous growth factors on the growth of granulation tissue covered on the wound areas after

the open abdomen.

Methods: Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups of six animals each. Twenty-four hours after induction of peritonitis and intra-abdominal hypertension by Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor intraperitoneal injection of nitrogen, relaparotomies were done. The abdomen was then closed with polyethylene sheet or polypropylene mesh plus growth factor (or not). learn more On the seventh day after TAC surgery, TAC materials were removed, and granulation tissue on the wound surface was assessed microscopically. Microvascular densities, thickness of granulation tissue, and fibroblast counts were also measured.

Results: Microvascular densities, thickness of granulation tissue, and fibroblast counts were the highest for polypropylene mesh closure plus recombinant bovine basic fibroblast

growth factor (rbFGF) followed by polypropylene mesh plus recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and polypropylene mesh alone, with polyethylene sheet alone being the least.

Conclusions: Polypropylene mesh could promote the growth of granulation tissue after the open abdomen. Topical application of rhGH or rbFGF further hastens the process, with the effect of rbFGF being the greatest.”
“Among a series of exotic pests that have been reported in Chile. Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae), a defoliating insect of elms (Ulmus spp.), is causing important damage in urban trees in central Chile. Leaves from Schinus molle L (Anacardiaceae), an interesting South American plant, were characterized and compared physically and chemically through proximal analysis. Also, the insecticidal effects of ethanol and water extracts from young and mature leaves of S. molle were evaluated on third instar larvae of X. luteola at concentrations of 0.5-4.3% w/v. Water CT99021 mw and lipid contents presented the greatest differences in both leaf maturity stages. At 12d, the maximum concentrations obtained with ethanol and water from young and mature leaves caused mean mortalities of 89 and 67, and 78 and 63%, respectively. The lowest 50% lethal concentration was 1.28% w/v, obtained at the 7th day of evaluation with the ethanol extract from young leaves. Hence, extracts from S. molle leaves may have a potential use as a bioinsecticide in Integrated Pest Management plans against X. luteola and other similar pests defoliating urban trees, to decrease the risk of using conventional pesticides in public areas. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V.

The methods were applied to surface water, sediment, and mussel t

Posted on March 8, 2021 by admin

The methods were applied to surface water, sediment, and mussel tissue samples collected from San Francisco Bay, CA, USA, an urban estuary that receives direct discharge from over forty municipal and industrial wastewater outfalls. Among the target PPCPs, 35% were detected in at least one sample, with 31, 10, and 17 compounds detected in water, sediment, and mussels, respectively. Maximum concentrations were 92 ng/L in water (valsartan), 33 ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediments (triclocarban), and 14 ng/g wet weight (ww) in mussels (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide). Nonylphenol was detected in

water (<2-73 ng/L), click here sediments (22-86 ng/g dw), and mussels (<0.04-95 ng/g ww), and nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylates were detected in sediments (<1-40 ng/g dw) and mussels (<5-192 ng/g ww). The concentrations of PPCPs and APs detected ARS-1620 in vitro in the San Francisco Bay samples were generally at least an order of magnitude

below concentrations expected to elicit toxic effects in aquatic organisms. This study represents the first reconnaissance of PPCPs in mussels living in an urban estuary and provides the first field-derived bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for select compounds in aquatic organisms. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Primary leiomyosarcomas of the pulmonary artery are very rare tumours with 30 cases reported in the English see more literature. Herein, we report the first case with evidence of a renal metastasis.

The tumour was discovered at autopsy in a 61-year-old woman

who had presented with shortness of breath and chest pain. It was located in the pulmonary trunk with extension into the adjacent pericardial cavity. Separate nodules were found in the pulmonary valve, the left pulmonary artery and the left kidney.

On microscopic examination, the tumour was composed of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei immunoreactive for vimentin, desmin, CD68 and alpha-smooth muscle actin.

Primary pulmonary artery leiomyosarcoma is easily confused clinically with pulmonary thromboembolism and most cases are diagnosed post mortem. Most tumours arise in the pulmonary trunk and metastases are only rarely described. The management of patients with this rare tumour depends on early surgical resection and the prognosis is unfavourable.”
“The time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) of 7-8 nm thick nitrided hafnium silicate (HfSiON) dielectric silicon (Si) metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors are measured under uniaxial mechanical stress using four point wafer bending along the [110] direction. Both applied tensile and compressive stresses are observed to degrade TDDB. The degradation for both stress polarity is consistent with a previously reported increase in mechanical stress-induced gate leakage via Poole-Frenkel emission.

0001 for each)

Posted on March 7, 2021 by admin

0001 for each). CP-868596 chemical structure In multivariable

models, anemia was associated with gender, platelet count, and country; neutropenia was associated with CD4+ lymphocyte and platelet counts; and thrombocytopenia was associated with country, gender, and chronic hepatitis B infection.

Conclusions: Differences in the frequency of pretreatment hematological abnormalities could have important implications for the choice of antiretroviral regimen in resource-constrained settings. (C) 2010 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: To determine radiation doses from coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography performed by using a 320-detector row volume scanner and evaluate how the effective dose depends on scan mode and the calculation method used.

Materials and Methods: AZD4547 Radiation doses from coronary CT angiography performed by using a volume scanner were determined by using metaloxide-semiconductor

field-effect transistor detectors positioned in an anthropomorphic phantom physically and radiographically simulating a male or female human. Organ and effective doses were determined for six scan modes, including both 64-row helical and 280-row volume scans. Effective doses were compared with estimates based on the method most commonly used in clinical literature: multiplying dose-length product (DLP) by a general conversion coefficient (0.017 or 0.014 mSv . mGy(-1) . cm(-1)), determined from Monte Carlo simulations of chest CT by using single-section scanners and previous tissue-weighting factors.

Results: Effective dose was reduced by up to 91% with volume scanning relative to helical scanning, with similar image noise. Effective dose, determined AZD6094 cost by using International Commission on Radiological Protection publication 103 tissue-weighting

factors, was 8.2 mSv, using volume scanning with exposure permitting a wide reconstruction window, 5.8 mSv with optimized exposure and 4.4 mSv for optimized 100-kVp scanning. Estimating effective dose with a chest conversion coefficient resulted in a dose as low as 1.8 mSv, substantially underestimating effective dose for both volume and helical coronary CT angiography.

Conclusion: Volume scanning markedly decreases coronary CT angiography radiation doses compared with those at helical scanning. When conversion coefficients are used to estimate effective dose from DLP, they should be appropriate for the scanner and scan mode used and reflect current tissue-weighting factors. (C) RSNA, 2010.”
“Objectives: Bordetella pertussis continues to circulate even in countries with good childhood vaccination coverage. This study was undertaken to define the relationship between documented disease and the clinical criteria proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Methods: Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from previously healthy 6-14-year-old school children in Tehran, presenting with persistent cough of at least 2-week duration.

The exponent alpha was found to be alpha approximate to 0 55(2)

Posted on March 7, 2021 by admin

The exponent alpha was found to be alpha approximate to 0.55(2). The gyrotropic motion is studied by applying an external magnetic field parallel to the plane of the magnetic nanodisk. Our results show that there is a minimum value for the modulus of the out-of-plane vortex-core magnetization, from which we can excite the gyrotropic mode. This minimum value depends on the thickness of the nanodisk. This Ispinesib datasheet result suggest that

an experimental way to improve the stability of the process of switching may be through the thickness control. We also observed that the gyrotropic mode frequency increases with the aspect ratio, which is in qualitatively accordance with theoretical and experimental results. Finally, we present theoretical results for Permalloy nanodisks obtained from our model, which are also in good agreement with experimental Wnt inhibitor results. (c) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3526970]“
“As long as 130 years ago Rissmuller [1] reported substantial retranslocation

of iron (Fe) from beech leaves (Fagus sylvatica L.) shortly before leaf fall. This rather limited report on Fe retranslocation via the phloem in plants was the reason for this research to study changes in Fe content in individual beech leaves in more detail during the vegetative period. Besides Fe, other micronutrients and particularly Ca and K, well known to differ substantially in phloem mobility, were analysed as mineral nutrient markers. In ML323 ic50 addition to beech, other deciduous and evergreen species of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms were also studied.

As expected, there was no evidence of Ca retranslocation from senescent leaves, while K as a phloem mobile mineral nutrient was retranslocated in fall in deciduous but not in evergreen trees. There was no indication to support Rissmuller’s finding of Fe retranslocation in any of the different species studied. From these results, we conclude that natural leaf senescence of trees during late season does not induce retranslocation of Fe and other micronutrients. Possible reasons for the absence

of a distinct retranslocation of Fe in the species studied during late season senescence are the lack of a sink activity, as for example the development of seeds in annual plant species (e.g., cereals), or the presence of a root system still active enough to provide Fe and other mineral nutrients for plant demand, and both factors have to be considered in further studies.

Reviewing the data in the literature on Fe and Zn retranslocation during senescence, we conclude that in principle both micronutrients are potentially phloem mobile. However, various prerequisites are needed for the occurrence of phloem mobility which were absent in the plant species studied. Regardless of this conclusion, we recommend that in general early published research data need a critical re-evaluation. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

PDGF Signal

PDGF signal transduction inhibition ameliorates experimental

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