“
“Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate inhaler technique and symptom control in patients with poorly controlled asthma at baseline and at follow-up in a dedicated asthma clinic in a tertiary hospital. We also investigated the impact of asthma on these patients’ quality of life. Methods: Patients referred to a newly established asthma clinic in Cork University Hospital were prospectively recruited over a 6-month period. Their

inhaler technique was assessed by a pulmonary nurse specialist using a validated scoring system. They received instruction on inhaler usage when scores were suboptimal. Patients completed a validated asthma control questionnaire (ACQ) click here and asthma quality of life questionnaire (AQLQ). At follow-up 3-4 months later, the inhaler technique was reassessed and the ACQ questionnaire

repeated. Results: Forty-six patients were recruited (female = 74%), and 40/46 were followed up. Mean [SD] FEV1 % predicted at baseline = 76.5% [21.5]. About 63% of the patients were classified as incorrectly using their inhaler at their initial assessment. This decreased to 20% at follow-up, indicating an overall significant improvement in inhaler usage post-training (p = 0.003). check details ACQ scores improved significantly from median [interquartile range] 2.70 [1.66] to 2.00 [1.90] (p = 0.002). Baseline measurement indicated that patients’ quality of life

was moderately affected by asthma, with a median AQLQ score of 4.75 [1.97]. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the importance of educating and formally assessing inhaler technique in patients with asthma as a part of their ongoing clinical review.”
“Objective: To compare the efficiency and differential costs of telephone- vs. mail-based assessments of outcome in patients registered in a national clinical quality of care registry, the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (AuSCR).

Study Design and Setting: The participants admitted to hospital with Selleckchem SNX-5422 stroke or transient ischemic attack were randomly assigned to complete a health questionnaire by mail or telephone interview at 3-6 months postevent. Response rate, researcher burden, and costs of each method were compared.

Results: Compared with the participants in the mail questionnaire arm (n = 277; 50% female; mean age: 70 years), those in the telephone arm (n = 282; 45% female; mean age: 68 years) required a shorter time to complete the follow-up (mean difference: 24.2 days; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.0, 33.5 days). However, the average cost of completing a telephone follow-up was greater (US$20.87 vs. US$13.86) and had a similar overall response to the mail method (absolute difference: 0.57%; 95% CI: -4.8%, 6%).

(C)2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Bone resorption preceding bone formation has been reported following the administration of recombinant human Cell Cycle inhibitor bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) delivered in an absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) in metaphyseal bone. This study characterizes treatment with rhBMP-2/ACS in metaphyseal bone with use of a nonhuman primate core-defect model.

Methods: Unilateral proximal femoral core defects were treated with 360

mu g of rhBMP-2/ACS or ACS alone or were left untreated in seven, five, and five adult male cynomolgus monkeys, respectively. Distal femoral core defects in seven of the above animals were treated with 360 CA3 mu g of rhBMP-2/ACS in one limb and ACS alone in the contralateral limb. Retention of rhBMP-2 in the proximal part of the femora was determined with use of tracer amounts of I-125-rhBMP-2 imaged with a gamma camera. The distal part of the femora was evaluated with in vivo computed tomography. Computed tomography and histological evaluation were performed on harvested segments in all animals at twenty-four weeks. The histological response in the proximal and distal parts of the femora containing core defects treated with 360 mu g of rhBMP-2/ACS

in one limb and ACS alone in the contralateral limb was evaluated at one, two, and four weeks in three animals per time point.

Results: Approximately 39.9%, 24.2%, 3.4%, and 0.5% of the rhBMP-2 was retained in the proximal part of the femora at one, seven, fourteen, and twenty-one days, respectively. The mineral density and trabecular volume fraction of the core defects treated with rhBMP-2/ACS, those treated with ACS alone, and untreated core defects in the proximal part of the femora were 81%, 54%,

and 20%, respectively, and 94%, 36%, and 31%, respectively, of the corresponding region in the contralateral limbs at twenty-four weeks. The mineral density and trabecular volume fraction of the region surrounding the selleck products core defects treated with rhBMP-2/ACS, those treated with ACS alone, and untreated core defects were 112%, 105%, and 104%, respectively, and 117%, 108%, and 107%, respectively, of the corresponding region in the contralateral limbs. Treatment with rhBMP-2/ACS increased the size of the proximal and distal core defects compared with treatment with ACS alone. Histological evaluation of the rhBMP-2/ACS-treated limbs demonstrated that bone resorption was initiated at one week in association with osteoclasts and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand-positive stained spindle-shaped cells and peaked at two weeks. Bone formation was observed at two weeks and was ongoing at twenty-four weeks.

Conclusions: Treatment of metaphyseal core defects with rhBMP-2/ACS resulted in bone resorption followed by bone formation in nonhuman primates.

The dynamic evolution of antioxidant capacity at both temperatures reflected the transient changes in phytochemical composition of small fruits in storage. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The aim of this study was to identify the predictors Fludarabine datasheet of improved overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms after transvaginal mesh repair.

Eighty women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) stage II to IV reporting OAB symptoms were scheduled for transvaginal mesh procedures. Preoperative and postoperative assessments included a bladder diary, urodynamics, and a personal interview about urinary symptoms.

Sixty-three (78.8%) women experienced

improvement of OAB symptoms (Improvement group), and 17 (21.2%) women remained unchanged or worsened (Persistence group)

postoperatively. A univariate analysis of patients’ characteristics showed no difference between two groups regarding parity, diabetes, hypertension, prolapse status, preoperative urodynamic parameters, and urinary symptoms (P > 0.05). However, the age (P = 0.042) and preoperative detrusor overactivity (DO) (P = 0.03) were two significant predictors of postoperative OAB improvement.

Women with POP Selleck LY411575 may experience improvement of their OAB symptoms after transvaginal mesh repair. Both age and DO were two predictors in our univariate analysis, and the latter was the only significant predictor of symptom relief after adjusting age factor.”
“We report extremely preterm twins who developed late-onset Escherichia coli sepsis

in the second postnatal week within a short time of each other. The asymptomatic twin was not treated initially, and within 2 days developed life-threatening septicemia and meningitis, followed by other serious morbidity. Occurrence of late-onset sepsis in a twin should prompt concurrent investigation and consideration of presumptive treatment of the apparently asymptomatic co-twin.”
“The main objective of this work was to understand which compounds are responsible for the partial inhibition of xanthohumol (XN) thermal isomerization during wort boiling of dark malts. With such purpose, worts selleck products from different kinds of malt (pale, caramel and roasted) were chemically characterized (e.g. antioxidant activity, polyphenols and melanoidins contents) and studied by several chromatographic techniques. Molecular exclusion chromatography experiments showed that adsorption of XN to polyvinylpolypyrrolidone is lower for the high molecular weight fractions. It seems likely that this is due to the reaction between XN and coloured substances that changes chemical properties of XN or, at least, results in the formation of complexes that have different chemical properties. This leads to an inhibition of XN isomerization observed in this work.

The values of diffusion coefficient in ACNT and RCNT are 0.25 x 10(-2) and 0.71 x 10(-2) cm(2) s(-1), respectively,

indicating that larger number of inter-tube junctions in later enhances the bulk transport. The positive magnetoconductance (MC) data in both samples show that the weak localization contribution is dominant. However, the saturation of MC at higher fields and lower temperatures indicate that e-e interaction is quite significant in RCNT. The T(-3/4) and T(-1/2) dependence of inelastic scattering length (l(in)) in ACNT and RCNT samples show that the inelastic e-e scattering is more important in aligned tubes. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3552911]“
“Microneedles containing sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) formulations were fabricated to include an external chitosan (CS) layer to modulate their hydration profile, an important click here parameter affecting their application as intradermal delivery devices and their storage. The microfabrication process was carried out under conditions that enabled the formation

of polyelectrolyte complexes between Selleckchem CDK inhibitor these oppositely charged macromolecules. CMC-CS microneedles were characterized by water uptake in a humid environment, contact angle measurements, dissolution in aqueous solutions, and protein-release profiles. The results demonstrate that the microneedles containing CMC-CS formulations displayed suppressed moisture sensitivity in water vapors compared to their unmodified CMC counterparts while the maintaining quick protein-release characteristics required for their uses. This approach also showed the potential for sustained protein-release applications, as the CMC-CS formulations could be combined in layers to fabricate multicompartment microneedle coatings with delayed release characteristics. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 395-401, 2011″
“This case report presents the endodontic management of a maxillary second molar with clinical and radiographic presentation LOXO-101 of 2 palatal canals. The canal morphology was confirmed with the aid of spiral computerized

tomography, which revealed a C-shaped canal configuration of palatal canal with 2 separate apical foramens. The article presents the unusual canal morphology alterations and the importance of using diagnostic adjuncts in their accurate diagnosis. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;109:e92-e95)”
“Epitaxial (La0.7Sr0.3MnO3)(0.7):(Mn3O4)(0.3) (LSMO:Mn3O4) nanocomposite thin films were grown on SrTiO3 (001) substrate by a pulsed laser deposition technique. The nanocomposite structures vary from triangular domains, to vertically aligned columns, and finally to smaller spherical domains as the deposition frequency varies from 1, 5, to 10 Hz, respectively. The strain in LSMO is systematically tuned, but that of the Mn3O4 phase is relatively stable as the deposition frequency increases.

A bright red emission is observed at room temperature, which ascribed to D-1(2) -> H-3(4) transition. The excitation bands are mainly located at 440 similar to 505 nm, which is adaptable to the emission band of commercial blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) chips. The optimal

emission intensity was also obtained when Pr doping level was 0.003 mol. Meanwhile, the enhanced ferroelectric properties were obtained by Pr doping. The results show that Pr doped (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 ceramics as a multifunctional material may be useful for white LEDs, sensor, and optical-electro integration. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3606425]“
“Octylphenol polyoxyethylene acrylate selleck inhibitor (OP10-AC) was synthesized, and then OP-10-AC was copolymerized with acrylamide (AM) to form hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide P(AM/OP-10-AC) through micellar copolymerization. OP-10-AC content and rheology behavior of P(AM/OP-10-AC) were investigated in detail. Especially, under the conditions of different test methods, P(AM/OP-10-AC) showed interesting shear responsive behavior. The results of rheology study show that OP-10-AC content, polymer solution concentration, salt solution concentration, and different test methods powerfully influenced shear viscosity of aqueous solutions of P(AM/OP-10-AC). In addition, according to the dynamic shear experimental

results, the critical hydrogel concentration AZD2171 chemical structure range (CHCR) could be confirmed for aqueous solutions of P(AM/OP-10-AC). Above CHCR, these polymer solutions were essentially a kind of microhydrogels, which could explain the effect of concentration and hydrophobe content on their shear viscosity and viscoelasticity from the microstructure’s point of view. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 66-76, 2012″
“This paper deals with the influence of relative humidity on nano-scaled domain switching caused by the

electric field of atomic force microscopy Buparlisib (AFM) in a LiNbO3 single crystal. Experimental results show that the switched domain size under AFM tip does not increase monotonously with relative humidity. The domain radius increases slightly in lower relative humidity conditions (< 40%), and decreases dramatically in higher relative humidity conditions (40-99%). The domain is not created under a relative humidity of 99%. Experiments on the AFM force-distance curve prove that there is a water bridge between the tip and the sample surface, whose size increases with the rise of humidity. The influence of water bridges on the effective electric field acting on the domain switching in the sample is discussed. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3603020]“
“Uterine carcinosarcomas are rare and highly aggressive tumours. Although surgery is the cornerstone of treatment, the extent of the procedure remains controversial.

Post-operatively, the patient showed a remarkable improvement of his symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, hypothalamic dysfunction and visual disturbances. Follow-up imaging at 2 months and 1 year, did not show any residual or recurrent tumour.

This novel technique of the combined trans-sphenoidal and simultaneous trans-ventricular-endoscopic approach is a viable option for patients with giant fibrous pituitary adenoma when the tumour is not yielding to the trans-sphenoidal

route alone.”
“Aims : About 30 to 50% of patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may not show clinical or echocardiographic improvement, despite fulfilling guidelines recommendations for CRT. For this reason, we need a more accurate method to assess Galardin supplier CRT eligibility. The aims of this study were to verify, on a 12-month

follow-up, the usefulness of QT corrected dispersion (QTcD) in a patient’s selection for CRT. Methods : We stratified 53 patients who underwent CRT, into two groups based on the estimation of QTcD, that is, QTcD > 60 ms and QTcD = 60 ms. In all patients were performed New York AZD2014 chemical structure Heart Association (NYHA) class determination, six-minute walking test, QtcD, and QRS measurements, and complete echocardiographic assessment at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation. Results : At baseline, there were no significant differences in clinical, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic parameters duration between two groups. At 12-month follow-up between the two groups, there were significant differences in NYHA (1.2 +/- 0.4 vs 2 +/- 0.6; P < 0.01), six-minute walking distance (422 +/- 68 vs 364 +/- 68; P < 0.01), left ventricular

(LV) ejection fraction (34 +/- 7% vs 28 +/- 6%; P < 0.01), LV end-diastolic diameter (57 +/- 7 vs 63 +/- 8; P < 0.01), and LV intraventricular dyssynchrony (24 +/- 14 Copanlisib vs 39 +/- 23; P < 0.01). Conclusion: This study suggests that QTc dispersion in addition to QRS duration could improve the sensitivity of electrocardiogram in a patient’s selection for CRT. (PACE 2012;16)”
“Thermoelectric effects in bulk silicon are investigated by using a hydrodynamic model for the electron-phonon system, derived in the framework of extended thermodynamics. This model consists of a set of balance equations, where the higher order moments and the production terms are completely determined without any fitting procedure. If the system is in local thermal equilibrium, the thermopower and Peltier coefficients have been obtained and the phonon-drag contribution has been recovered. The model allows us to define and evaluate the Peltier coefficient when the system is out of thermal equilibrium. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3658016]“
“Intracranial endovascular procedures are less invasive and relatively safe; however, these procedures do carry a risk of complications, such as thromboembolization, arterial injury, and vessel occlusion.

Larger vessels were more affected than smaller vessels and the endothelium was roughened in its surface texture throughout. As a phenomenon, airways were partly covered by activated dendritic cells. Numerous thrombocytes and macrophages accumulated on the endothelium of the cuff anastomosis region exposing this area to a particularly higher risk of

thrombosis.

CONCLUSIONS: SEM allows for detection of morphologic changes during pulmonary allograft rejection and adds important data to conventional histology when making the diagnosis of acute rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012;31:94-100 (C) 2012 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“Electron C59 solubility dmso transport and energy relaxation in a 100-nm channel n(+)-n-n(+) monolayer graphene diode were studied by using semiclassical Monte Carlo particle simulations. A diode with a conventional parabolic band and an identical geometry and scattering process was also analyzed in an attempt to confirm that the characteristic transport properties originated from the linear PKC412 inhibitor energy band structure. We took into account two scattering mechanisms: isotropic elastic scattering and inelastic phonon emission. The carrier velocity distributions in the two diodes show remarkable differences reflecting their

band dispersions. Electron velocity in the monolayer graphene diode is high in the channel region and remains AP26113 cost almost constant until the energy relaxation begins. Inelastic scattering does not reduce electron velocity so severely, whereas elastic scattering significantly decreases it through backscattering of hot electrons with high kinetic energy. Elastic scattering also degrades the ballisticity and the drain current; however, increasing the inelastic scattering offsets these effects. We found that elastic scattering should be suppressed to improve the performance of graphene devices. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3581118]“
“We designed a randomized trial to assess whether the early withdrawal of cyclosporine (CsA) followed by the initiation of everolimus (Evr) monotherapy in de novo liver transplantation (LT) patients would

result in superior renal function compared to a CsA-based immunosuppression protocol. All patients were treated with CsA for the first 10 days and then randomized to receive Evr in combination with CsA up to day 30, then either continued on Evr monotherapy (Evr group) or maintained on CsA with/without mycophenolate mofetil (CsA group) in case of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Seventy-eight patients were randomized (Evr n = 52; CsA n = 26). The 1-year freedom from efficacy failure in Evr group was 75% versus 69.2% in CsA group, p = 0.36. There was no statistically significant difference in patient survival between the two groups. Mean modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) was significantly better in the Evr group at 12 months (87.7 +/- 26.1 vs. 59.9 +/- 12.

(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011;238:1284-1291)”
“In the present work, we have chosen different configurations to perform relaxations to determine the ground states of hydrogen doping in MnxSi1-x, respectively. Our results show that hydrogen impurity intends to bond strongly to Mn ion in MnxSi1-x. After introducing

hydrogen, the phase transfer occurs selleck chemicals from a half metallic one to a metallic case, and the magnetic moment of Mn ion is reduced. In MnxSi1-x, Mn ions exhibit a strong short-range antiferromagnetic and long-range ferromagnetic interaction. However, with the hydrogen doping, the exchange interactions of Mn ions oscillate between antiferromagnetic coupling and ferromagnetic coupling as a function of the distances between Mn ions. Hydrogen significantly influences the properties of MnxSi1-x. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3072081]“
“Background: No study has evaluated the efficacy of non-calcium-containing phosphate binders in slowing progression of cardiac valve calcification or deterioration of kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis.

This study addressed these issues.

Methods: Outpatients (n = 170) with stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease and either mitral or aortic valve calcification were evaluated in this single-center, singlearm, prospective observational study. Patients received sevelamer hydrochloride (1,600 mg/day) for 1 year. Cardiac I-BET-762 clinical trial valve calcification progression was assessed by echocardiography, and decline of renal function by estimated glomerular filtration rate. Parathyroid hormone, FGF-23 and C-reactive protein (CRP) serum concentration and urinary phosphorus excretion were assayed.

Results: At the end of treatment with sevelamer (12th month), mitral valve calcification had decreased by 79.3% from baseline. At baseline, 69 patients had grade 1, 97 patients grade 2 and 4 patients

grade 3 calcification scores; at the end of the study, 60 patients showed grade 1, and no mitral valve calcification was registered in the remaining patients. An aortic valve score of 1 was found in 32%, score of 2 in 58%, score of 3 in 9% and score of 4 in 1% of patients at baseline; see more at the end of the study, a score of 1 was found in 95% and a score of 2 in 5% of patients. Significant slowing down of renal function decline (p<0.001), reduction of FGF-23 and CRP concentration (p<0.0001) and phosphorus excretion (p<0.0001) were observed.

Conclusions: One-year treatment with a non-calcium-containing phosphate binder may hamper the progression of cardiac valve calcification and slow the decline of renal function, as well as reduce serum concentration of FGF-23 and CRP and urinary phosphorus excretion.”
“Objective-To determine the effect of eyelid manipulation and manual jugular compression on intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement in clinically normal dogs.

Design-Randomized clinical trial.

Animals-30 dogs (57 eyes) without diseases or medications that affect IOP.

In this essay the highlights of TB imaging

are reviewed through published literature. YM155 concentration In addition, we review retrospectively the radiological findings of 48 patients with tuberculous spondylitis treated from 1993 to 2010. There were 23 male and 25 female patients with a mean age of 53 years.”
“Objective: To determine the oxidative stress markers in serum from patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Methods: Blood samples from healthy controls and 22 patients 15 women (7 aged from 20 to 30 and 8 were > 40 years old) and 7 men (5 aged from 20 to 30 and 2 were > 40 years old) fulfilling the McDonald Criteria and classified as having Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis accordingly with Lublin were collected for oxidative stress markers quantification.

Results: Nitric oxide metabolites (nitrates/nitrites), lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde plus 4-hidroxialkenals), and glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly increased in serum of subjects with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis EPZ5676 in comparison with that of healthy controls. These data support the hypothesis that multiple sclerosis is a component closely linked to oxidative

stress.”
“Purpose of review

Transplantation of the elderly often invokes strong and sometimes passionate arguments both in support and in opposition. Age alone has not been an absolute contraindication to a life-sustaining organ transplant for several decades. A comprehensive evaluation of the risks associated with surgery and suppression of the immune system in this often comorbid population becomes the focus. Risk for the recipient, however, must continually be evaluated and frequently updated GDC0068 in the context of that for

the donor.

Recent findings

Following careful and critical evaluation, elderly patients appreciate the increase in life expectancy and improvements in quality of life as demonstrated in their younger counterparts. The outcome of recipients receiving kidneys from living donors has demonstrated superior graft and patient survival compared to deceased donors. Careful monitoring of medication levels for prevention of rejection while avoiding over immunosuppression and infection is critical to ensure such benefit.

Summary

Transplantation of the elderly via living donation is not only justified but in the appropriately chosen patient, with informed consent of both donor and recipient, is ethically sound. The expectations of both parties must be clearly stated and donor safety must remain the top priority. Living donors must be fully cognizant of the potential risk both in patient and graft survival prior to making such a life-changing decision to donate.

After an extensive history of infertility with multiple unsuccessful treatments, a 42-year-old woman gave birth to healthy twins following transfer of three embryos from two different donor sources. DNA testing confirmed that the twins represented both sources. This report adds to the growing body of literature documenting the successes of embryo donation to other couples, and supports the option of embryo mixing for those

couples who wish to consider it.”
“Introduction: The aim of this study was to detect TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism in postmenopausal patients with endometrial cancer (EC), to evaluate the risk of EC connected with it, as well to check for possible relationships with staging, grading and some risk factors of this neoplasm.

Materials and Methods: Endometrial samples from 152 women with EC and from 50 cancer-free ones were taken for genetic evaluation to detect TP53 codon 72 variability buy SNX-5422 using PCR-RFLP technique.

Results: The EC group was characterized by higher incidence of Arg/Arg genotype (OR=3.01) as well as lower incidence of Pro/Arg and the Pro allele (OR=0.33 and 0.48). There were no characteristic features linking EC grading and staging with the studied polymorphisms except for stage II with higher incidence of Arg/Arg (OR=4.25) and the Arg allele (OR=1.13),

and grade 2 with higher incidence of Arg/Arg (OR=4.49) and lower incidence of the Pro allele (OR=0.22). Overweight and obese EC MG-132 cost subgroups revealed higher incidence of Arg/Arg (OR=4.81 and 2.76) and lower incidence of the Pro allele (OR=0.21 and 0.36) compared to controls. The EC subgroup with arterial hypertension had higher incidence of Arg/Arg (OR=3.30) as well as lower incidence of Pro/Arg (OR=0.47) and the Pro Linsitinib mouse allele (OR=0.37) – these differences were more pronounced than in the normotensive EC subgroup.

Conclusion: While Arg/Arg genotype is connected with increased and Pro/Arg and the Pro allele with decreased EC risk, we suppose that evaluation of TP53

codon 72 polymorphism may be of prognostic value, being useful for the prophylaxis of EC as well. Obesity and arterial hypertension seem to affect this polymorphism distribution.”
“The Human Genome Project has transformed biology through its integrated big science approach to deciphering a reference human genome sequence along with the complete sequences of key model organisms. The project exemplifies the power, necessity and success of large, integrated, cross-disciplinary efforts – so-called ‘big science’ – directed towards complex major objectives. In this article, we discuss the ways in which this ambitious endeavor led to the development of novel technologies and analytical tools, and how it brought the expertise of engineers, computer scientists and mathematicians together with biologists. It established an open approach to data sharing and open-source software, thereby making the data resulting from the project accessible to all.