Occupation Birinapant of the CCK-2 receptors by the gastrin agonist pentagastrin had no effect on cell growth. Proliferation was not affected by SS released from these cells but was inhibited by exogenous SS. Conclusions. Growth of the SS-RIN-14B cells can be negatively affected by occupation of their CCK-1 receptors and by exogenous

somatostatin. Copyright (C) 2009 K. El-Kouhen and J. Morisset.”
“Background To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of intracoronary verapamil injection in the prevention and treatment of coronary no-reflow after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Hypothesis Intracoronary verapamil injection may be beneficial in preventing no-reflow/slow-flow after PCI.

Methods We searched PubMed,

Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials database. Randomized trials comparing the efficacy and safety of intracoronary verapamil infusion vs control in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were included. Meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.0 software (Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark) .

Results Seven trials involving 539 patients were included in the analysis. Verapamil treatment was significantly more effective in decreasing the incidence of no-reflow (risk ratio [RR]: 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.23 to 0.50) as well as reducing the corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count (CTFC) (weighted mean click here difference: -11.62; 95% CI: -16.04 to -7.21) and improving the TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) selleck inhibitor (RR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.64). Verapamil also reduced the 30-day wall motion index (WMI) compared to the control. Moreover, the

procedure reduced the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in ACS patients during hospitalization (RR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.80) and 2months after PCI (RR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.95). However, administration of verapamil did not provide an additional improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction regardless of the time that had passed post-PCI.

Conclusions Intracoronary verapamil injection is beneficial in preventing no-reflow/slow-flow, reducing CTFC, improving TMPG, and lowering WMI. It is also likely to reduce the 2-month MACEs in ACS patients post-PCI.”
“A 40-year old prima para presented with multiple urticaria-like plaques and severe pruritus 2 weeks prior to giving birth by cesarean section. Three days after birth, the disease flared up and tense blisters appeared on hands, lower arms and feet. Based on the clinical presentation, direct immunofluorescence microscopy, complement binding test and detection of high levels of circulating anti-BP180 antibodies, the diagnosis of pemphigoid gestationis was established. Despite treatment with class IV topical corticosteroid and prednisolone p.o. up to 60 mg/day, both skin lesions and severe pruritus progressed accompanied by increasing anti-BP180 antibody serum levels.

It was found that the UV light intensity, the number of illumination cycles, the choice of photoinitiator, and the thiol crosslinker play an important part in the glove quality. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Background. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are an alternative

to unfractionated heparin (UFH) for anticoagulation during hemodialysis (HD). We performed a prospective randomized crossover study of the effect of enoxaparin, nadroparin, and dalteparin on some hemostatic factors, including tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), in patients with maintenance HD. Methods. Plasma levels (immunoassays) of total TFPI, platelet-derived growth factor-AB (PDGF-AB), and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (PF 1 + 2) were evaluated pre-HD, after 10 (T10) and 180 (T180) minutes YM155 of HD in 21 patients, who completed a 3-period (for 2 months each) crossover study in 6 groups (Latin-square design). Results. The baseline TFPI, PDGF-AB, and PF 1 + 2 levels were comparable under all LMWH treatments. Tissue

factor pathway inhibitor selleck inhibitor levels, compared with the baseline, significantly increased (all P < 10(-4)), whereas PDGF-AB levels remained stable at each interval during enoxaparin, nadroparin, and dalteparin anticoagulated HD. Interestingly, TFPI increment at T10 was the highest, dose-dependent, and accompanied by PF 1 + 2 decrease under enoxaparin administration. Conclusion. The switch from enoxaparin to nadroparin and dalteparin used as anticoagulants had no long-term effect on the baseline total TFPI and PF 1 + 2 levels in chronically HD patients. Only short-term, overdialytic differences were noticed, indicating a single bolus of enoxaparin (0.75 mg/kg) as the most potent stimulus for endothelial TFPI”
“Tumours of the clivus are rare and metastases involving this area have been previously described only as single case reports or included in series with other skull base tumours. Here, we describe seven such examples and review the pertinent literature.

Clinical, radiological and follow-up data of

patients who had undergone surgery for clivus tumours at our Institution between January 1995 and December 2007 were retrospectively collected. A literature review was performed using PubMed.

Of 46 patients who underwent surgery for clivus bone A-1155463 price tumours, seven proved to harbour a metastasis. This figure represents 0.18% and 0.42% respectively of intracranial and skull base tumours which were treated in our Institution in the study period. The primary tumours associated were lung adenocarcinoma (n = 2), prostate carcinoma (n = 2), skin melanoma (n = 1), hepatocarcinoma (n = 1) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (n = 1). All patients presented with a sixth nerve palsy as the symptom. Histopathology was obtained via a trans-sphenoidal biopsy. In spite of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the mean survival was 12 months.

(c) 2012, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) is a scaffold protein that plays a critical role in DNA base excision repair. To explore

the association between XRCC1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and infertility with idiopathic azoospermia in a northern Chinese Han population, PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to genotype a SNP locus (rs25487) of XRCC1 in 112 patients with Compound C datasheet idiopathic azoospermia and 156 healthy controls. Furthermore, nucleotide sequences were sequenced. The results showed that, compared with GG genotype, the GA and GA + AA genotypes showed a significant association with an increased risk of idiopathic azoospermia (OR 2.119, 95% CI 1.245-3.606, P = 0.005), (OR 2.052, 95% CI 1.227-3.431, P = 0.006) respectively. Meanwhile, the A allele frequency was significantly higher in azoospermic patients than that in controls (OR 1.472, 95% CI 1.029-2.105, P = 0.034). The substitutions bring about an amino acid alteration: G -> A changes the arginine residue into glutamine. In conclusion, the SNP locus rs25487

of XRCC1 could be a marker for genetic susceptibility to idiopathic azoospermia and the A allele might be a risk gene of idiopathic azoospermia in the northern Chinese Han population. (c) 2012, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has diverse roles in the female reproductive system including a role in blastocyst implantation. Aberrant expression of eNOS selleck chemicals could therefore be significant in the LDK378 ic50 pathogenesis of disorders of implantation. In this study, eNOS protein and mRNA levels in the endometrium of women with recurrent miscarriages, unexplained infertility and a control group were determined by compartmental quantitative immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse-transcription PCR. eNOS was found to be immunolocalized to all layers of the endometrium and vascular endothelium. eNOS protein was higher in glandular epithelium (P = 0.004) and luminal epithelium (P = 0.002), but not vascular endothelium

and stroma, in women with recurrent miscarriage. Similarly, in women with unexplained infertility, eNOS was significantly higher (P < 0.03) in luminal epithelium but not in any other compartments compared with the control group. The levels of mRNA confirmed the protein data, demonstrating higher eNOS mRNA in the endometrium of women with recurrent miscarriage and unexplained infertility compared with controls. In conclusion, increased expression of eNOS in glandular and luminal epithelium of the endometrium in women with recurrent miscarriages and unexplained infertility suggests a detrimental effect of excess nitric oxide in endometrial receptivity and implantation. RBM Online (c) 2012, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Liver volume was determined by volumetric analysis of repeated computer tomography scans. Functional

and volume recovery were compared during follow-up.

Major hepatectomy decreased liver function capacity to 35.7 +/- 13.8 % of preoperative function. It was shown that functional recovery already reaches 77.2 +/- 33.5 % of preoperative values within 10 days. The actual kinetics were dependent from the type and extent of hepatectomy. Complete functional restoration was achieved within 12 weeks, while liver volume still remained at 73.2 +/- 14.8 % of preoperative. A constant but interindividually variable correlation between function and volume was observed at all points SB203580 in time.

Partial hepatectomy leads to fast and complete functional recovery, while volume recovery is delayed and remains often incomplete. The functional recovery is mainly influenced by the preoperative liver function, the residual Baf-A1 clinical trial liver volume, and by obesity.”
“Purpose

of review

To present current knowledge about the metabolic management of patients undergoing solid organ transplantation, and potential organ donors.

Recent findings

Appropriate management of electrolytes and glucose improves outcome after transplantation, although conflicting evidence exists. Patients with cirrhosis-induced hyponatremia can be successfully transplanted but are at increased risk of postoperative complications. A new class of drugs, the vaptans, that antagonizes arginine vasopressin may Rabusertib nmr be an effective treatment for hyponatremia in transplant candidates. Recent literature has documented the implications, predictors and potential therapies for perioperative hyperkalemia in the transplant population. The debate over appropriate targets for serum glucose in perioperative and critically ill patients has been lively. The documented risk of hypoglycemia associated with ‘intensive insulin therapy’ has led to the adoption of more conservative glycemic targets. Studies

of glycemic control in transplant recipients are limited.

Summary

In patients undergoing solid organ transplants, sodium management should aim to minimize an acute change in sodium concentration. Vaptans may be of future use in optimizing patients with cirrhosis prior to transplantation. Pending further studies, a perioperative ‘middle ground’ target glucose of between 140 and 180 mg/dl seems reasonable at this time.”
“Laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) is established as a safe and feasible surgical procedure for benign and malignant liver lesions showing many benefits in terms of short-term post-operative outcomes. Nevertheless, it remains unclear if these benefits extend beyond the hospital stay. The aim of this study was to compare in-hospital and post-discharge outcomes between two groups of patients who have undergone either laparoscopic or open hepatectomy (OH).

The clinical features of this rare vascular condition are discussed as a possible

cause of magnetic resonance (diffusion weighted imaging) negative vertebro-basilar transient ischemic attack.”
“Objectives: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is considered to be one of the most effective treatments in psychiatry. Currently, three medications for anesthesia are used routinely during ECT: propofol, etomidate, and thiopental. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the anesthetics used in ECT on seizure threshold and duration, hemodynamics, recovery from ECT, and immediate side effects.

Methods: Our study is a retrospective cohort study, in which a comparison was made between three groups of patients who underwent ECT

and were anesthetized with propofol, etomidate, or thiopental. The main effect compared was treatment dose and seizure duration. HSP inhibitor All patients were chosen as responders to ECT.

Results: Data were gathered about 91 patients (39 were anesthetized with thiopental, 29 with etomidate, and 23 with propofol). Patients in the thiopental group received a lower electrical dose compared to the propofol and etomidate group (mean of 459 mC compared to 807 mC and 701 mC, respectively, P<0.001). Motor seizure duration was longer in the thiopental group compared to propofol and etomidate (mean of 40 seconds compared to 21 seconds and 23 seconds, Etomoxir solubility dmso respectively, P=0.018). Seizure duration recorded by electroencephalography was similar in the thiopental and etomidate groups and lower in the propofol group

(mean of 57 AZ 628 datasheet seconds in both groups compared to 45 seconds, respectively, P=0.038).

Conclusion: Patients who were anesthetized with thiopental received a lower electrical treatment dose without an unwanted decrease in seizure duration. Thiopental might be the anesthetic of choice when it is congruent with other medical considerations.”
“Landfarm soil is used to bioremediate oil wastes from petrochemical industries. We developed a simplified protocol for microbial DNA extraction of tropical landfarm soil using only direct lysis of macerated material. Two samples of tropical landfarm soil from a Brazilian refinery were analyzed by this protocol (one consisted of crude oil-contaminated soil; the other was continuously enriched for nine months with petroleum). The soil samples were lysed by maceration with liquid nitrogen, eliminating the need for detergents, organic solvents and enzymatic cell lysis. Then, the DNA from the lysed soil sample was extracted using phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol or guanidium isothiocyanate, giving high DNA yields (more than 1 mu g DNA/g soil) from both soil types. This protocol compared favorably with an established method of DNA template preparation that included mechanical, chemical and enzymatic treatment for cell lysis.

“
“Polymethyl(3-glycidyloxypropyl)siloxane (PMGS) was synthesized as a flame-retardant additive, which were cocured with diglycidyl ether of

bisphenol-A (DGEBA) using 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone as a curing agent. The structure of PMGS was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared and 1H-NMR spectra. The cured products were characterized with dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and oxygen index analyzer. With PMGS incorporated, the cured epoxy resin showed better thermal stability, Dinaciclib supplier higher limited oxygen index, and higher char yield. At moderate loading of PMGS, the storage modulus and glass transition temperature of the cured epoxy resin based on neat DGEBA were obviously improved. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011″
“Objective. We have previously reported that the histologic mode of invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a significant risk factor for pain. Here we sought to determine whether pain is a risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with OSCC.

Study design. We evaluated the relationships between overall survival rates and clinicopathologic variables, including gender, age, T- and

N-stages, pathologic findings, and pain in 109 consecutive patients with untreated OSCC.

Results. Of these 109 patients, 40 (37%) reported spontaneous pain. Univariate analysis showed that the overall survival rates of patients with spontaneous pain was significantly lower than those of patients without pain (P = .002). Multivariate analysis revealed that spontaneous AZD2014 solubility dmso pain and N-stage were significant independent predictors of overall survival rates.

Conclusions. This is the first report showing that spontaneous pain before treatment may be associated with poor prognosis in patients with OSCC. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;111:587-592)”
“Time-lagged responses of biological variables to landscape modifications are widely recognized, but rarely considered in ecological studies. In order to test for the existence of time-lags in the response of trees,

small mammals, birds and frogs to changes in fragment area and connectivity, we studied a fragmented and highly dynamic landscape in the Atlantic forest region. We also investigated the biological correlates associated with differential responses Selleck GW3965 among taxonomic groups. Species richness and abundance for four taxonomic groups were measured in 21 secondary forest fragments during the same period (2000-2002), following a standardized protocol. Data analyses were based on power regressions and model selection procedures. The model inputs included present (2000) and past (1962, 1981) fragment areas and connectivity, as well as observed changes in these parameters. Although past landscape structure was particularly relevant for trees, all taxonomic groups (except small mammals) were affected by landscape dynamics, exhibiting a time-lagged response.

47; 95% CI 1.82, 3.36), in addition to older age. Conclusions: Poor lifestyle factors causally linked to diabetes and obesity may contribute to the onset of OAB; low physical activity appears to be an important modifiable causal factor for OAB operating

directly as well as indirectly via pathways involving obesity or diabetes. Further research is needed to demonstrate a causal link between lifestyle and OAB. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31: 487-495, 2012. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Background: It is often assumed that rare genetic variants will improve available risk prediction scores. We aimed to estimate the added predictive ability of rare variants for risk prediction of common diseases in hypothetical scenarios.

Methods: In simulated data, we constructed risk models AZD2171 research buy with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) ranging between 0.50 and 0.95, to which we added a single variant representing the cumulative frequency and effect (odds ratio, OR) of multiple rare variants. The frequency of the rare variant ranged between 0.0001 and 0.01 and the OR between 2 and 10. We assessed the resulting AUC, increment in AUC, integrated GSK1904529A Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor discrimination improvement (IDI), net reclassification

improvement (NRI(>0.01)) and categorical NRI. The analyses were illustrated by a simulation of atrial fibrillation risk prediction based on a published clinical risk model.

Results: We observed minimal improvement in AUC with the addition of rare variants. All measures increased with the frequency and OR of the variant, but maximum increment in AUC remained below

0.05. Increment in AUC and NRI(>0.01) decreased with higher AUC of the baseline model, whereas IDI remained constant. In the atrial fibrillation example, the maximum increment in AUC was 0.02 for a variant Selleckchem EPZ5676 with frequency = 0.01 and OR = 10. IDI and NRI showed at most minimal increase for variants with frequency greater than or equal to 0.005 and OR greater than or equal to 5.

Conclusions: Since rare variants are present in only a minority of affected individuals, their predictive ability is generally low at the population level. To improve the predictive ability of clinical risk models for complex diseases, genetic variants must be common and have substantial effect on disease risk.”
“The characterization of isolated polyphenolic compounds present in the diet – especially in the context of their therapeutic effect (for instance their antiplatelet activity) – is often based on the generally accepted flavonoid classification. In the case of plant extracts it usually refers to common names of plants rather than scientific botanical nomenclature. Hence, it is often difficult to even roughly estimate how many and which plant taxa exhibit biological activity towards the modulation of blood platelet activity.

Subjects were monitored at 4-6 month intervals. The regression, persistence, and progression of the cytologic abnormalities of the 318 cases were compared with the results of HPV L1 capsid protein immunocytochemical detection.

Results: Of the 137 patients negative for the HPV L1 capsid protein, 38 (27.7%) showed progression to high-grade lesions, 50 (36.5%) showed persistence, and 49 (35.8%) showed regression to normal cytological features. In Vactosertib clinical trial contrast, of the remaining 181 patients

positive for the HPV L1 capsid protein, 15 (8.3%) showed progression to high-grade lesions, 74 (40.9%) showed persistence, and 92 (50.8%) showed regression. The results of immunocytochemical testing for the HPV L1 capsid protein show a linear association with the progression or regression behavior of low-grade cervical cytology in QNZ cell line patients infected with HPV (linear by linear association test, P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Immunocytochemical detection of HPV L1 was significantly related with the biological patterns of LSIL in Korean women. Hence, immunocytochemistry for the detection of HPV L1 is beneficial in providing further information for LSIL.”
“OBJECTIVES: MiRNAs are intrinsic RNAs that interfere with protein translation. Few studies on the synergistic effects of miRNAs have been reported. Both miR-424 and miR-381 have been individually reported to

be involved in carcinogenesis. They share a common putative target, WEE1, which is described as an inhibitor of G2/M progression. Here, we studied the synergistic effects VX-809 solubility dmso of miR-424

and miR-381 on renal cancer cells.

METHODS: The viability of 786-O cells was analyzed after transfection with either a combination of miR-424 and miR-381 or each miRNA alone. We investigated cell cycle progression and apoptosis with flow cytometry. To confirm apoptosis and the abrogation of G2/M arrest, we determined the level of pHH3, which is an indicator of mitosis, and caspase-3/7 activity. The expression levels of WEE1, Cdc25, gamma H2AX, and Cdc2 were manipulated to investigate the roles of these proteins in the miRNA-induced anti-tumor effects. To verify that WEE1 was a direct target of both miR-424 and miR-381, we performed a dual luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS: We showed that the combination of these miRNAs synergistically inhibited proliferation, abrogated G2/M arrest, and induced apoptosis. This combination led to Cdc2 activation through WEE1 inhibition. This regulation was more effective when cells were treated with both miRNAs than with either miRNA alone, indicating synergy between these miRNAs. WEE1 was verified to be a direct target of each miRNA according to the luciferase reporter assay.

CONCLUSIONS: These data clearly demonstrate that these two miRNAs might synergistically act as novel modulators of tumorigenesis by down-regulating WEE1 expression in renal cell cancer cells.

FireDock web server was used for the docking experiments and 5ns molecular dynamics (MD) using

Gromacs 4.0 was performed on the protein complexes to verify the docking results based on the Gibbs free binding energies.

Results: Molecular docking by FireDock web server showed that biPhe-43 and Trp-43-mutated CD4 inhibited the binding of gp120 more efficiently, -113.8 and -101.7 kJ/mol (SD = 0, n = 3), respectively, than the alternate aromatic wild type amino acid Phe-43 and the mutant His-43 and Tyr-43. FireDock revealed that electrostatic and Van der Waals interactions were mainly involved in the CD4-gp120 binding and helped to stabilize the protein interactions. In a 5ns MD simulation, biPhe-43 and Trp-43 mutated CD4 demonstrated best Gibbs free binding energies (-16271 +/- 29 and -16266 +/-

18 kJ/mol, respectively) to gp120 in the identification and confirmation of biPhe-43 SN-38 cost and Trp-43 mutated CD4 as excellent inhibitors to gp120.

Conclusion: The docked energies and probability outcomes by FireDock anticipated that a ligand for an efficient inhibition of HIV gp120 should involve an extended but conformational flexible aromatic group, i.e. a biphenyl.”
“Purpose of review

To review evidence and best practice for current disease-modifying therapies for the treatment of systemic sclerosis.

Recent findings

Cyclophosphamide remains the treatment of choice for lung disease and severe skin disease associated with systemic sclerosis. AG-881 research buy find more Methotrexate is the treatment of choice for scleroderma overlap syndromes, whereas mycophenolate and azathioprine are also used for both skin and lung disease, alone or for maintenance therapy after cyclophosphamide induction. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and imatinib look promising, but trial results are awaited. Relaxin is contraindicated due to inefficacy and severe renal side effects on discontinuation of the drug. Tolerance to type I collagen may be a useful treatment in a carefully selected group of patients. Further trials are

needed for biological agents such as infliximab, rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin.

Summary

Although there is still no treatment that is well tolerated and unequivocally effective currently for systemic sclerosis, we have come a long way in the past number of years with respect to identifying possible treatments and new therapeutic targets. A number of novel agents including antiinterleukin-6, transforming growth factor-beta-directed therapies and other novel biological agents such as hyperimmune caprine serum are being developed based on new insights into the pathophysiology of disease.”
“Objective: Our purpose was to reach the reasons of isolated low levels of maternal serum unconjugated estriol (uE3) levels (<= 0.3 multiples of the median (MoM)) in the triple-marker screen with special emphasis on maternal diseases and medications used for them.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Most DBRFs were characterized by coincident, preventable factors; breed was not one of these. Study results supported previous recommendations Prexasertib for multifactorial approaches, instead of single-factor solutions such as breed-specific legislation, for dog bite prevention.”
“Purpose: To evaluate inter- and intrareader agreement in breast percent density (PD) estimation on clinical digital mammograms and central digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) projection images.

Materials and Methods: This HIPAA-compliant study had institutional review board approval; all patients provided informed consent. Breast PD estimation was performed

on the basis of anonymized digital mammograms and central DBT projections in 39 women ( mean age, 51 years; range, 31-80 years). All women had recently detected abnormalities or biopsyproved cancers. PD was estimated by three experienced readers on the mediolateral oblique views of the contralateral breasts Tariquidar by using software; each reader repeated the estimation after 2 months. Spearman correlations of inter- and intrareader and intermodality PD estimates, as well as kappa statistics between categoric PD estimates, were computed.

Results:

High correlation (rho = 0.91) was observed between PD estimates on digital mammograms and those on central DBT projections, averaged over all estimations; the corresponding kappa coefficient (0.79) indicated substantial agreement. Mean interreader agreement for PD estimation on central DBT projections (rho = 0.85 +/- 0.05 [standard deviation]) was significantly higher (P < .01) than that for PD estimation on digital mammograms (rho = 0.75 +/- 0.05); the corresponding kappa coefficients indicated substantial (kappa = 0.65 +/- 0.12) and moderate (kappa = 0.55 +/- 0.14) agreement for central DBT projections and digital mammograms, respectively.

Conclusion:

High correlation between PD estimates on digital mammograms and those on central DBT projections VE-821 manufacturer suggests the latter could be used until a method for PD estimation based on three-dimensional reconstructed images is introduced. Moreover, clinical PD estimation is possible with reduced radiation dose, as each DBT projection was acquired by using about 22% of the dose for a single mammographic projection.”
“P>Plants activate direct and indirect defences in response to insect egg deposition. However, whether eggs can manipulate plant defence is unknown. In Arabidopsis thaliana, oviposition by the butterfly Pieris brassicae triggers cellular and molecular changes that are similar to the changes caused by biotrophic pathogens. In the present study, we found that the plant defence signal salicylic acid (SA) accumulates at the site of oviposition.