\n\nMethods: Forty-five patients with knee osteoarthritis and 13 healthy young subjects were recruited for the experiment. All subjects were examined while walking on a 10-m walkway at a self-selected speed. In each trial, we calculated the angular displacements of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and external/internal tibial rotation. We also measured muscle strength, range of

motion (ROM), and alignment. We compared the differences in osteoarthritis severity and knee kinematic variables between osteoarthritis patients and normal subjects.\n\nResults: The flexion angle at the time of foot contact was significantly less in patients with severe and moderate osteoarthritis than Cabozantinib in normal subjects (both p<0.01). The abduction angle at the 50% stance phase was significantly less in patients with severe osteoarthritis than in normal subjects thoroughly (p<0.05).

The excursion of axial tibial rotation was significantly less in patients with early osteoarthritis than in normal subjects (p<0.05).\n\nConclusion: Osteoarthritis patients had different knee kinematics during gait, depending on the progress of osteoarthritis. Early-stage patients exhibit decreased axial tibial rotation excursion, while severe-stage patient exhibit increased knee adduction. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“GABAergic microcircuits structure the activation of neuronal ensembles that support most cortical computations. Because of the heterogeneous nature of the GABAergic cell community, a full understanding of structure function relationships in these microcircuits may be hampered by a reductionist approach that consists of classifying them according to an exhaustive collection of parameters. It therefore could be beneficial to our understanding of these complex cells to also consider other approaches. Drug_discovery Thus, graph theory has recently taught us that biological networks often include hub nodes

that are essential for information flow, and ensuing experimental evidence has demonstrated the existence of ‘operational’ hub neurons. So far, only GABAergic neurons have been identified as ‘operational hubs’, further emphasizing their critical function in controlling cortical network dynamics.”
“Pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,3(2H,5H)-dione (DPPD)-based large band gap polymers, P(BDT-TDPPDT) and P(BDTT-TDPPDT), are prepared by copolymerizing electron-rich 4,8-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b]dithiophene (BDT) or 4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b]dithiophene (BDTT) unit with novel electron deficient 2,5-dioctyl-4,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,3(2H,5H)-dione (TDPPDT) unit. The absorption bands of polymers P(BDT-TDPPDT) and P(BDTT-TDPPDT) cover the region from 300 to 600 nm with an optical band gap of 2.11 eV and 2.04 eV, respectively. The electrochemical study illustrates that the highest occupied/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of P(BDT-TDPPDT) and P(BDTT-TDPPDT) are -5.39 eV/-3.28 eV and -5.44 eV/-3.

We have found that lateral interaction of the LS-SS is much stronger than the longitudinal one, and it is mainly mediated by hydrophobic interactions. This study will not only enhance our understanding of the interaction between the SS and the LS of AGPase, but will also enable us to engineer proteins to

obtain better assembled variants of AGPase which can be used for the improvement of plant yield.”
“Abiotic stress caused by global climate change varies widely, which negatively affect crops growth and productivity throughout the world. Environmental changes can alter plant’s physiological state and trigger Crenigacestat several signaling pathways for adaptation to unfavorable conditions. Plant response to abiotic stress includes changes in protein expression and post-translational modification of proteins to activate their defense system against the challenges. Research on plant proteomes has provided beneficial information for a comprehensive understanding of the protein networks in plants in response to external

stimuli. Large-scale proteomics is a powerful approach for studies of complex biological processes in which a number of proteins take part; proteome analysis of sub-cellular structures and modified proteins has enabled identification of novel components of plant stress responses that had not previously been discovered. In this review, we have discussed the recent developments of crop proteomics in the context Adavosertib concentration of several climatic factors including photosynthetic stress, air pollutants, thermal stress including heat and cold, and osmotic stress, RG-7388 including drought, salt, and flooding stress, and metal stress. The aim of this review is to take a snapshot of several proteomic approaches in crop plants that provide a comprehensive

list of components affected by certain abiotic stresses in climate. The biological relevance of these proteins in regard to plant stress tolerance will be described as well. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Diabetes and osteoporosis are common and complex disorders with an enormous health burden that can be often associated especially in middle-age and elderly individuals. Although there is raising awareness of the higher fractures rates among patients with type 1 (DM1) and 2 (DM2) diabetes, there are few data available on the pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for this increased risk. Importantly, several experimental and clinical observations suggest that bone abnormalities associated with diabetes may differ, at least in part, from those associated with senile or post-menopausal osteoporosis. This implies that specific preventive and therapeutic strategies have to be developed and tested to prevent fractures in DM1 and DM2 patients. It is also likely that shared (i.e. due to glucose-toxicity) as well as different (i.e.

01). There were no significant differences in side effect of 5-HT3 antagonist between the two groups. Conclusion Ramosetron was more effective during the first 24-h period after surgery than ondansetron in children using fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia after general anesthesia.”
“Organ transplantation remains the

only life-saving therapy for many patients with organ failure. Despite the work of the Organ Donation and Transplant Collaboratives, and the marked increases in deceased donors early in the effort, deceased donors only rose by 67 from 2006 and the number of living donors declined during the same time period. There continues to be increases in the use of organs from donors after cardiac death (DCD) and expanded criteria donors (ECD). This year has seen a major change in the way organs are offered with increased patient safety measures in those organ offers made by OPOs using DonorNet (c). Unfortunately, CT99021 the goals of 75% conversion rates, 3.75 organs transplanted per donor, 10% of all donors from DCD sources and 20% growth of transplant center volume have yet to be reached across all donation service areas (DSAs) and transplant centers; however, there are DSAs that have not only met, but exceeded, these goals. Changes in organ preservation

techniques took BTSA1 chemical structure place this year, partly due to expanding organ acceptance criteria and increasing numbers of ECDs and DCDs. Finally, the national transplant environment has changed in response to increased regulatory oversight and new requirements for donation and transplant provider organizations.”
“Symptoms of internalizing disorders (depression, anxiety, somatic, trauma) are the major risk factors for suicide. Atypical suicide risk is characterized by people with few or no symptoms of internalizing Tamatinib Fosdium disorders.

Objective: In persons screened at intake to alcohol or other drug (AOD) treatment, this research examined whether person fit statistics would support an atypical subtype at high risk for suicide that did not present with typical depression and other internalizing disorders.

Methods: Symptom profiles of the prototypical,

typical, and atypical persons, as defined using fit statistics, were tested on 7408 persons entering AOD treatment using the Global Appraisal of individual Needs (GAIN; Dennis et al., 2003a,b).

Results: Of those with suicide symptoms, the findings were as expected with the atypical group being higher on suicide and lower on symptoms of internalizing disorders. In addition, the atypical group was similar or lower on substance problems, symptoms of externalizing disorders, and crime and violence.

Conclusions: Person fit statistics were useful in identifying persons with atypical suicide profiles and in enlightening aspects of existing theory concerning atypical suicidal ideation. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

These qualities may make it a preferred technique as OCT imaging speed continues to improve. Finally,

our work motivates the development of more general parametric estimators based on statistical models of decorrelation noise.”
“This study aimed to investigate the role of p53 in early human development by screening patients with recurrent miscarriages (RM) for mutations in the p53 gene and by studying p53 expression in placental tissue. A total of 46 women with RM and 191 control women were included in the study. A sample was also obtained from 40 male partners of RM patients. The samples were screened for p53 sequence variations using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, sequencing and allelespecific polymerase chain reaction. Placental tissue was available from 19 miscarriages.

p53 expression in placental tissue was studied by immunohistochemical S3I-201 chemical structure staining. The C11992A polymorphism in p53 was found to be associated with RM in Finnish patients. The C/A or A/A genotype was detected in 32.6% of the women with RM and in 18.9% of the controls (P = 0.0414, odds ratio 2.083, confidence interval 1.018-4.259). The results suggest that women carrying the C/A or A/A genotype have a two-fold higher risk for RM than women with the C/C genotype. Further studies are, however, necessary to define whether the intronic polymorphism has functional consequences. The immunohistochemical staining of placental tissues revealed no abnormal p53 expression patterns in the samples studied.”
“OBJECTIVE: GANT61 To estimate the prevalence, incidence, and clearance of abnormal vaginal cytology and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) Nutlin-3 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive women.

METHODS: Pap tests were done semiannually for 335 HIV-seropositive and 75 HIV-seronegative women with prior hysterectomy in the prospective Women’s Interagency HIV Study cohort. End points included abnormal Pap test results after hysterectomy and VAIN regardless of hysterectomy.

RESULTS: Over a median of 5.6 years of follow-up, vaginal Pap test results were abnormal at 1,076 (29%;

95% confidence interval [CI] 25-33%) of 3,700 visits among HIV-seropositive compared with 31 (4%; 95% CI 2-8%) of 763 visits among HIV-seronegative women (P<.001). Abnormal Pap test results included 641 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 425 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 10 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-seropositive women and 28 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and three low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-seronegative women. The incidence of abnormal Pap test results after hysterectomy was 14 per 100 person-years among HIV-seropositive and two per 100 person-years among HIV-seronegative women (P<.001) and remained stable across time.

Methods: We performed a cohort study of patients with liver cirrhosis who contracted PHI and were treated at our institution between January 1990 and December 2004.

Results: Of 349 first-time episodes of PHI during the study period, 33 (9.5%) occurred in patients with liver cirrhosis. Debridement with retention of the prosthesis (DWROP) was the initial treatment modality for 24 (73%) episodes of PHI and cured the infection in seven (29%). A shorter median duration of symptoms (5 vs. 14 days; p = 0.007) and absence of a sinus tract (p = 0.02) were associated with successful treatment. Excision arthroplasty (EA) was required

in 26 (79%) episodes and eradicated PHI in 24 (92%). In 20 patients who had reimplantation Elafibranor clinical trial of a new prosthesis, the infection recurred in six (30%). Patients who developed hepatic decompensation after reimplantation had a significantly higher risk of recurrent PLX4032 ic50 PHI than those who did not (relative risk 7.5; 95% confidence interval 4.8-9.5; p = 0.018).

Conclusions: Liver cirrhosis is a common co-morbidity in patients with PHI treated at our institution. DWROP

should be considered only when there is no sinus tract and the duration of symptoms is very short (less than 10 days). EA is an effective procedure to cure infection. However, reimplantation of hip prosthesis in these patients carries a high risk of infection recurrence, especially in those who develop hepatic decompensation. (C) 2010 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by

Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: To directly compare the sensitivity of 64- section multidetector computed tomography (CT) with that of 1.5-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the depiction and measurement of heterogeneous 7-8-week-old microinfarcts and the quantification of regional left ventricular (LV) function and perfusion in the territory of coronary intervention in a swine model.

Materials and Methods: Approval was obtained from the institutional animal committee. An x-ray/MR system was used to catheterize Nutlin-3 in vitro the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery with x-ray guidance and to delineate the perfusion territory. The vessel was selectively microembolized in six pigs with small-diameter embolic material (40-120 mu m, 250 000 count). At 7-8 weeks after microembolization, multidetector CT and MR imaging were used to assess LV function, first-pass perfusion, and delayed contrast enhancement in remote myocardium and microinfarct scars. Histochemical staining with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was used to confirm and quantify heterogeneous microinfarct scars. The two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to detect differences between modalities and myocardial regions.

Results: The LAD territory was 32.4% +/- 3.8 (stadard error of the mean) of the LV mass.

An out-of-plane < 110 > texture was found for all films. The magnetization loops were measured on a magneto-optic Kerr effect magnetometer, from which the anisotropy symmetry was inferred from the remanent magnetization. It was found that the forming field produced a pronounced uniaxial anisotropy. The effective magnetostriction constant was measured using the Villari effect. The effective

magnetostriction constant was compared with that calculated VX-689 manufacturer for a polycrystalline film with < 110 > out-of-plane texture using bulk constants, and the results are discussed. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3059612]“
“Background: The relationship between levels of amino-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide

(NT-proBNP) and left ventricular function determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MR’) in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is largely unknown.

Methods and Results: MCC950 ic50 This was a substudy of the Norwegian Study on District Treatment of STEMI, in which patients received thrombolysis followed by early or late invasive strategy. NT-proBNP was measured at 3 days and 3 months after the myocardial infarction, and magnetic resonance imaging was performed after 3 months (n = 160). Log NT-proBNP levels at both time points were significantly associated with ejection fraction (EF) (r(2) values 0.25 and 0.42, respectively) as well as infarct size (r(2) values 0.38 and 0.47, respectively; P < .0001 for all, adjusted for confounders). Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves used to analyze the ability of NT-proBNP to discriminate long-term low EF (<= 40%) and large infarct size (>= 15.7%), were significant at both time points (P < .001 for all). Pairwise comparison of the ROC curves showed a significantly better performance of NT-proBNP at 3 months compared with 3 days

for discrimination of low EF (P = .023).

Conclusion: Repeated measurements of NT-proBNP in STEMI patients showed that NT-proBNP levels at 3 months were more strongly associated with long-term EF and infarct size than NT-pro BNP levels after 3 days. Our data suggest that measurement of NT-proBNP 3 months after myocardial infarction is a better indicator of selleck chemicals left ventricular function compared with NT-proBNP in the acute phase. (J Cardiac Fail 2011;17:479-486)”
“The spin Hall effect in molybdenum wires has been experimentally investigated by means of spin absorption method using lateral spin valve structure. The spin Hall conductivity of Mo wire is negative and decreases with increasing the resistivity. These tendencies are surprisingly consistent with the recent theoretical calculation based on the intrinsic spin Hall effect. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3076145]“
“The scenario concerning potential drug interactions (PDI) at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (Florianopolis, Brazil) was assessed.

In the surgical field, tensed dura was observed and pus was identified after opening the abscess capsule. Because chronic spinal subdural abscesses are difficult to diagnose, we could differentiate with IDEM tumor exactly and an exact history taking, contrast MRI are required.”
“An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of hexestrol (HES), an anabolic hormone forbidden for use in livestock farming, has been developed. Conditions of ELISA have been optimized by varying the concentrations of the coating conjugate (HES-ovalbumin),

anti-HES antiserum, casein, and Tween 20. In the absence of Tween 20 in the reaction mixture, the detection limit (IC(10)) equaled 0.01 ng/ml, IC(50) equaled 0.17 ng/ml, and the working range (IC(20)-IC(80)) equaled 0.03-0.86 ng/ml, while, Amino acid transport inhibitor in the presence of 0.05% Tween

20, these values equaled 0.05, 2.9, and 0.26-32.0 ng/ml, respectively. Standard deviation of the analysis results did not exceed 5.4%. If ELISA was performed in the absence of detergents, the recovery value upon HES determination in spiked beef samples selleck inhibitor ranged from 74 to 147%.”
“Primary intradural extramedullary hydatid cyst is a rare form of parasitic infection, causing focal neurological signs, commonly observed in sheep-raising areas of the world. We report a rare case of intradural, extramedullary spinal cyst, which we had misdiagnosis in the first surgery, because of rarity of the case. A 55-year-old man presented to our hospital in August 2008. He was admitted to our clinic because of lumbar pain of increasing severity

and progressive difficulty with walking and stiffness of both lower limbs, which had lasted for 1 month. On the basis of imaging results, arachnoid cyst of the lumbar spine was diagnosed. Due to rapid progression of the patient’s symptoms toward spastic paraplegia, he underwent an emergency surgical decompression procedure. The patient underwent exploratory surgery using a posterior approach. A L1-L2 laminectomy was performed. After opening the dura, an intradural extramedullary cystic mass was determined. The surgical specimen measured 6 x 2 cm and was described as a whitish, pearl-like, semitranslucent, LXH254 solubility dmso cystic material, which was thought to be parasitic. Surgery has to be followed by albendazole therapy.”
“Pectin-protein fraction SVC was isolated from the callus culture of the bladder campion (Silene vulgaris). The main components in it were residues of D-galacturonic acid, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and protein. Using ion-exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration, and acid and enzymatic hydrolysis, it was shown that SVC contained a mixture of molecules of linear pectin, branched pectin polysaccharide, and pectin-protein polymer. A fragment of the linear chain of galacturonan amounted to more than half of the entire carbohydrate silenan chain. The branched area of the macromolecule is represented by rhamnogalacturonan I.

However, additional studies are required to investigate the pathogenic role

of obesity and weight loss in retinal diabetic complications particularly relating to nephropathy.”
“Gene expression “”noise”" is commonly defined as the stochastic variation of gene expression levels in different cells of SB273005 inhibitor the same population under identical growth conditions. Here, we tested whether this “”noise”" is amplified with time, as a consequence of decoherence in global gene expression profiles (genome-wide microarrays) of synchronized cells. The stochastic component of transcription causes fluctuations that tend to be amplified as time progresses, leading to a decay of correlations of expression profiles, in perfect analogy with elementary relaxation processes. Measuring decoherence, defined here as a decay in the auto-correlation function of yeast genome-wide expression

profiles, we found a slowdown in the decay of correlations, opposite to what would be expected if, as in mixing systems, correlations decay exponentially as the equilibrium state is reached. Our results indicate that the populational variation in gene expression (noise) is a consequence Entinostat research buy of temporal decoherence, in which the slow decay of correlations is a signature of strong interdependence of the transcription dynamics of different genes.”
“Imaging with the ultrasonic vibration potential is based on voltage generation by a colloidal or ionic suspension in response to the passage of ultrasound. The polarization within a body arising from the oscillatory displacement in the ultrasonic field produces a current in a pair of external electrodes that is measured as a function of time or frequency. Existing theory gives the current in the electrodes as arising from both a time varying polarization and ionic conduction.

Here, experiments are reported that show the production of the polarization current is the dominant mechanism for current generation buy ARS-1620 in soft tissue. Experiments are also reported giving the frequency dependence of the ultrasonic vibration current in canine blood and in several dilutions of aqueous silica suspensions.”
“Individuals experiencing a change in health may experience a response shift that may attenuate HRQoL change estimates. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) who experienced a response shift as detected by the Latent Trajectory of Residuals approach.

Participants in the NARCOMS Registry were included if they responded to the general health (GH) question of the SF-12 in at least 3 surveys. Linear growth modeling was used to identify predictors of self-reported GH, and the residuals from this model were used to determine group-based trajectories. Dual trajectories of GH and a measure of disability (PDSS) were used to examine convergence in change patterns over time.

SETTING: Vissum-Instituto Oftalmologico de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.

METHODS: This prospective nonrandomized study comprised patients with visually significant cataract and moderate to high astigmatism (>2.00 diopters [D]). After MICS, an Acri.Comfort 646 TLC toric IOL was implanted in the selleck screening library capsular bag. The uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, residual refractive sphere,

residual refractive and keratometric cylinders, and IOL axis alignment were measured after 3 months. Vector analysis of astigmatism was by the Alpins method.

RESULTS: The study included 21 eyes (12 patients). The UDVA was 20/40 or better in 16 eyes (76.1%), and the CDVA was 20/30 or better in 18 eyes (85.7%). The mean refractive cylinder decreased significantly after surgery, from -4.46 D +/- 2.23 (SD) to -0.45 +/- 0.63 D (P<.05). Astigmatism analysis by vectors showed a mean surgically induced astigmatism vector of 0.99 x 1 degrees and a mean difference vector of 0.23

x 8 degrees. The mean index of success was 0.11 +/- 0.15. Ninety-one percent of astigmatism was corrected. The mean IOL axis rotation was -1.75 +/- 2.93 degrees; the rotation was 10 degrees or less in all eyes. No complications occurred.

CONCLUSION: Implantation of a toric IOL after MICS was a safe, precise, and effective procedure to correct moderate to high astigmatism in cataract patients.”
“Study Design. An in vitro study of simulated whiplash BYL719 mw using a hybrid cadaveric/surrogate model.

Objective. The goal of the

present study was to determine the effect of the active head restraint (AHR) on residual neck instability due to simulated rear impacts of a human model of the neck.

Summary of Background Data. Previous studies have indicated potential LY2835219 benefits of active injury prevention systems in reducing neck injuries during rear impacts.

Methods. Six osteoligamentous whole cervical spine specimens (occiput-T1) were prepared with vertebral motion tracking flags. The model, consisting of the neck specimen mounted to the torso of BioRID II and carrying an anthropometric surrogate head, was rear impacted (7.1 and 11.1 g) with and without the AHR. Pre- and post-impact flexibility tests identified significant residual instability (P < 0.05) above physiologic values and among experimental conditions. Linear regression analyses were used to identify correlation between spinal rotation peaks measured during impact and the resulting flexibility parameter increases (R(2) > 0.35 and P < 0.001).

Results. Our results indicated significant increases in the average flexibility parameters, up to 3.1 degrees, at C2-C3, C3-C4, and C5-C6 due to 7.1 g rear impacts even in the presence of the AHR. Subsequently, increases in the flexibility parameters progressed and spread to head/C1 and to the inferior spinal levels following the 11.1 g impacts.

Given the available and potential treatments for specific disorders with increased risk of sudden death, the benefit of identifying such disorders early is clear. The debate regarding universal ECG screening is social and political,

as well as scientific.”
“In the framework of long-term scientific collaboration among the founder members coming from Holland and Italy there was a growing consensus to activate a philosophical doctorate (PhD) program, involving young Italian researchers in the field of perinatal medicine, neonatology and pediatrics. The aims were to promote excellence in research, offering to young Italian physicians the opportunity to maturate an International research experience leading to PhD degree, and to promote human and technological improvement energies in perinatal, LY411575 supplier neonatal and pediatrics research. Thus, an official collaboration among the Dutch Universities from Maastricht and Utrecht and the Italian Children’s Hospital from Alessandria, has been activated on March 1st 2010, finalized to the PhD program. The experimental

phase included the selection of projects and relative candidates after an interview-selection focusing on their scientific attitudes and the availability on their research projects. Candidates’ selection started on May 2010 and on September 29th ten projects and candidates have been approved by the scientific commission. Research topics included: perinatal asphyxia, aging and the origin of adulthood neurodegenerative MK0683 disease, neuroprotective strategies, biochemical pulmunology, intrauterine growth retardation and perinatal teratology. To date, all projects have been approved by local Ethics Committee from the University/Hospital of origin of the candidates. Five manuscripts have been published and/or submitted

to international Journals regarding pneumology, perinatal asphyxia and teratology, whilst about 60-70% of data regarding clinical studies have already been collected.”
“The radiotherapy-related types SB203580 of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have been established, which give the most effective treatment for NPC patients using the individual therapy. To diagnose the types of NPC, we assess the general NPC cell lines CNE1, CNE2 and normal nasopharyngeal cell line NP69 using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in two steps: firstly, the OCT images of the three different types of cell pellets are captured. Secondly, by fitting Beer’s law to the averaged A-scans in these OCT datasets, the attenuation coefficients (mu (t) ) of the cells can be extracted. The median attenuation coefficients (interquartile range) of CNE1, CNE2, and NP69 are 5.58 mm(-1) (IQR 5.55 to 5.65 mm(-1)), 5.91 mm(-1) (IQR 5.82 to 5.88 mm(-1)), and 8.96 mm(-1) (IQR 8.80 to 9.47 mm(-1)), respectively. The distinguishable quantitative OCT analysis (by mu (t) ) shows that the types of NPC could potentially be differentiated in real time and noninvasive.